Posted: December 5th, 2014

Briefly explain and justify your choice of topic. What specifically is your research question (hypothesis)? Why is it important?

Research Methods;

Your paper should be in the range of 8-10 double spaced pages, including tables and graphs, but not including appendices.  I’ll let you choose the topic, whatever your

specialty is. Below basically tells you everything you need to do, stick to it you’ll do well. Independent variable, Dependent Variable, unit of analysis.

1.     TOPIC AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS: Briefly explain and justify your choice of topic. What specifically is your research question (hypothesis)? Why is it important?

What data will you use to explore the answer to your question? What do you expect to learn from your study? Provide any background information your reader might need

to make sense of your research goals. A formal literature review is not necessary, but if you refer to the published work of others, be sure to cite such work fully

and properly in footnotes, or endnotes.
2.     Key CONCEPTS AND VARIABLES: Introduce and define your key concepts. Show how the variables you have chosen correspond to these concepts. Discuss measurement

validity and reliability, identifying any limitations of the variables as measures of your key concepts. In general, show how this selection of variables is consistent

with your research question.
3.     HYPOTHESIS AND THEORETICAL RATIONALE: State your bivariate hypothesis, specifying and predicted relationship between one independent variable and one dependent

variable. Provide a theoretical rationale. That is, under what assumptions and by what logic did you arrive at your hypothesis? Be thoughtful about this. Take time to

explain your reasoning carefully. Also, do this BEFORE you run your analysis and see the results(no cheating)
4.     METHODS AND DATA SOURCES : List and explain your data sources. You will also detail the method appropriate for your variables, and the hypothesis test you will

be using. (Example for sources text: This study is based on an analysis of U.S. Census data and voting data for all 58 California counties. The census data were taken

from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, County and city Data Book: 2012 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2012). The voting data were taken from the Statement

of Vote published by the Secretary of State, State of California, 2012. You will also insert a short description of the method you will use, and discuss the hypothesis

test that is appropriate)
5.     FINDINGS: Use this section to report the results of your univariate and bivariate analyses. You should begin with a detailed univariate analysis of both your

variables, presenting ALL appropriate descriptive statistics, charts, tables, and graphs. Next, when reporting the results of your hypothesis test, briefly re-state

your hypothesis, show the findings (crosstab, scatterplot, regression output, etc) and briefly summarize, (a) what you think the results tell you, (b) whether the

results are substantively and statistically significant, and (c) whether they appear to confirm or disconfirm your hypothesis. Note any interesting aspects of the

results.

IMPORTANT: don’t make the common mistake of thinking that only “positive” results (i.e those that support your hypothesis) are worth reporting or will be rewarded with

a good grade. If you have a thoughtful, plausible, well-formulated hypothesis and the results disconfirm it, no problem… we have still learned something. Report what

you get up or down and then do your best to make sense of it.

Note on Presenting Tables and figures: In the text of your report, tables should be numbered sequentially (e.g. Table 1, Table 2…) They should have clear title

headings (e.g. “cross tabulation of voter turnout by education”) In the text, refer to tables by their table number (e.g. , “ The results in Table 2 indicate that…”

“as was shown in Table 4…”). The same general principles apply to presenting tables of regression output, etc. If you simply cut and paste output from SPSS output

files, be sure to add necessary titles and labels to make the display clear and easy to read. If you use graphs, also number them sequentially as figures (figure 1,

Figure 2, Figure 3..etc) and label them clearly. If you know what you’re doing, insert your tables and graphs in the main body of your report at the appropriate

places. Generally, as near to the first mention as is possible. If you wish, however, you may use the professional manuscript style of inserting the instructions “

INSERT TABLE 1 ABOUT HERE” OR INSERT FIGURE 1 ABOUT HERE” (examples) at the appropriate place in the main text surrounded by a single empty line, and then attach the

labeled tables and figures sequentially at the end of your report.

6.     DISCUSSION: Here is where you pull it all together. How did your hypothesis pan out? Confirmed or disconfirmed? Any surprises? Banish the word “prove” from your

analytic vocabulary. Your findings might confirm, partially confirm, support, tend to support, buttress, ad weight to, but they do not PROVE… Did your results answer

(or at least illuminate) your research question? Briefly, if you had the time and resources, how would you go about testing them?
7.     APPENDICES: You should attach a printout of your data set. Any other supporting information or documents go here.

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