Posted: December 17th, 2014

case study; SCHOOL OF HEALTH

case study

this case study not like usual case study protocol

SCHOOL OF HEALTH

Brief Guide to Construction and Citation of References.
(Updated December 2010)

Contents

1.0    Introduction                        Page 2
2.0    Text Citation                        Page 3

3.0    How to Construct a Reference List            Page 5

4.0    Referencing Electronic Material            Page 8

5.0    Copyright                            Page     10

GLASGOW CALEDONIAN UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF HEALTH

Guide to Construction and Citation of References.

In academic work, it is essential that the work of others is acknowledged. When citing other peoples’ comments, reference is made to that in both the text and in a

reference list at the end of the end of the essay/ document.  This enables others who read your work to follow up on references in which they may be interested. The

School of Health uses the Harvard system, the most widely used citation system in academia. This guide aligns with both Refworks and with the system used by the

University’s Effective Learning Service.  Other versions of Harvard do exist and so students are advised to ensure that the system in this document is followed.

1. Introduction

For essays, assignments and or reports students are expected to:

•    Make references to specific sources to justify statements or arguments in the text.  You must always acknowledge the source when you refer to the work of

another. All sources should be cited whether the work is directly quoted or where you have paraphrased, summarised or used attributed arguments to support your

discussion. Diagrams or illustrations must also be referenced appropriately. Failure to acknowledge your source(s) whether it is deliberate or unintentional amounts to

Plagiarism which is a very serious offence. Students are referred to the University Assessment Regulations http://www.gcu.ac.uk/student/about/regulations/index.html .

•    Provide a reference list at the end of the text. The Reference list should contain all references cited in the text. This is different to a Bibliography, where

other material that has been read, excluding the material acknowledged in the reference list, is listed. You should be consistent and accurate when referencing both in

the text and in the reference list (e.g. author, date etc.). The Harvard system of referencing is the system used in the School of Health. However, students in other

Departments may be asked to use the numerical system (Vancouver) for Final Year Projects which are written in ‘paper’ format. Students must check with their Studies

Advisor what reference system is to be used for their Final Year Project.  Do not assume which system you must use, please check.

•    Students should not reference ‘Handouts’ provided in class. You should reference the primary source of the information if provided by your tutor or use the

texts and articles recommended to you.

1.1 Definitions
Authors- The person or persons who authored the material should be noted (or corporate body or organisation if relevant). For anonymous work (where author’s name is

unknown) use ‘Anon’ instead of the author’s surname. Where a number of individuals have been involved but no single person or persons have clear ownership for the

source then the ‘Title’ may be used instead of the authors’ names e.g. Dictionaries.

Dates- Specific date of publication must always be noted. The exceptions to this are when only an approximate date is known then ‘ca’ before the date in square

brackets may be used or if no date is known, then ‘no date’ in square brackets should be stated.

1.2 Primary and Secondary Sources
Information may be obtained from either a:

•    Primary source- refers to written work by the original author, e.g. a study you read firsthand in a journal.
or
•    Secondary source- refers to what someone else says about the original author e.g. a study that you read about in a textbook or where an author in a journal

refers to another study. You should avoid relying on secondary sources and read primary sources wherever possible. Secondary sourcing should only be used where it is

difficult to locate the primary source and where you are confident that the secondary source author has represented the original author accurately.

2.0    Text Citation

2.1 Primary Sources
If details taken directly from a particular part of a document are being used then the page number must follow the date in parenthesis.
e.g.    The details of weather patterns stated in Paterson (2001, p.56) ….

If the author’s name occurs naturally within a sentence, then year of publication follows in brackets without repeating the author’s surname. First name or initials

are not included in the text.
e.g.    As stated in Paterson (2001) the weather………….

If author’s surname does not occur naturally, then surname and date of publication must be stated.
e.g.    The results of a recent study (Paterson, 2001) identified …..

If there are two authors, both names should be stated.
e.g.     As stated in Paterson and Smith (2001), the weather……….
e.g.     As the results of a recent study identified………. (Paterson & Smith, 2001)

(N.B. Use ‘and’ if the citation is part of the sentence as above, but use ampersand (&) if the text citation is in brackets and also at the end in the reference list.)

When referencing within the body of the text: if there are more than two authors then ‘et al.’ (which means ‘and others’) should be used after the first author’s name.

However, a full listing of names should appear in the reference section at the back; if there are more than 6 authors then, in the reference list, use et al. after the

sixth author.
e.g.     The proportion of people studying health programmes at Glasgow Caledonian has
been identified as …….. (Johnston et al, 1999).

If citing multiple sources, these should be listed in chronological order within the same brackets, with the earliest source cited first. The sources should be

separated by semi-colons.
e.g.     Some patients with schizophrenia demonstrate post-morbid impairments in mentalising capacity (Frith & Corcoran, 1996; Corcoran et al, 1997; Pickup & Frith,

2001).

When citing more than one work by the same author(s) published in the same year, then add a lower case letter after the year to distinguish the sources.
e.g.    The results of a recent study (Jones, 2005a) support the earlier findings which stated …(Jones, 2005b).

e.g.    As stated recently by Jones (2005a) people ……..however this differs from Jones’ (2005b) previous publication which identified…………….

N.B. This does not refer to the number of times you mention the same source in an essay. It should only be used if you have more than one source from the same author

(s) in the same year.

You should not put a web address or URL (e.g. www.scottishexecutive.org.uk) as a text citation. State the author and date of the source only. If the author is a

corporate body or organisation then cite the appropriate name and date (e.g. Scottish Executive, 2006).

If there is a need to be more specific, include the page number.
e.g.    The definitions listed in Stewart (1998, p.234) explain exactly how…

If citing material lifted directly from a source the quote should be placed inside quotation marks in the text and the reference should include the page number.
e.g.    “………………………..” (Jeans, 2004, p.25)

In addition, direct quotes which extend beyond a single line should appear indented on a new line with single line spacing used. The remainder of the text will

generally be 1.5 line spacing.
e.g.    The need to develop social service workers was recently noted;
“…employers of social service workers are committed to promoting practice-based learning and continuing professional development.” (Scottish Executive, 2004, p.9)

Personal communications, which are rarely an appropriate source in academic work, should be referenced as follows;
e.g.    The replacement of all computers will take place next year according to K. Gray (Personal communication, July 5th, 2004).

2.2 Secondary Sources
When referring to a source quoted in another source then both must be cited in the text, but only the publication you read is cited in the reference list.
e.g.     A study by Miles (1978 cited in Paterson, 2005) demonstrated…
Miles (1978 cited in Paterson 2005), demonstrated…

2.3 Use of Diagrams or illustrations
Diagrams, graphs, tables, illustrations etc., if directly quoted, must be referenced in the same way as a direct quote in the text. If you produce a table or diagram

of your own but it is adapted from the work of another you must state in the reference after the diagram:
e.g.    (Adapted from Smith, 2005, p.24, table 42)

e.g.    Only 50% of patients were in hospital for 10 or more days (National Statistics Office 1985 cited in Amazon, 2005, p. 267).

3.0    How to Construct a Reference List

In the Harvard system, references are listed in alphabetical order of authors’ names. When including a number of publications by the same author, these are listed in

chronological order, most recent first, and by letter if more than one publication by the same author in a single year. Leave a blank line between each listed

reference to allow for easier reading.

Examples:

Albert, H. 2001, Housing across the ages, 3rd edn, Longman, Edinburgh.

Holly, B. 1999, Historic buildings in scotland, HMSO, Edinburgh.

Piston, G. 2002, “Stress levels in students”, British Medical Journal, 2(1), 87-98.

Smith, P. 2005a, Living in glasgow, 3rd edn, Longman, Edinburgh.

Smith, P. 2005b, Healthy living, Longman, Edinburgh.

3.1 Books with Personal Authors
Author’s Surname, Initials. Year of publication, Title, edition (if not first edition), Publisher, Place of Publication.
Note that only the first letter of the book title is capitalized and the title should also be in italics.

Examples where there is one author:

Conn, P.M. 1995, Neuroscience in medicine, Lippincott, Philadelphia.

Downie, G. 2008, Pharmacology and medicines management for nurses, 4th edn, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

Smith, P. 2005, Living in glasgow, 3rd edn, Longman, Edinburgh.

Examples where there are two authors:

Baxter, C. & Royal College of Nursing. 2001, Managing diversity and inequality in health care, Bailliere Tindall, published in association with the Royal College of

Nursing, Edinburgh, New York.

Smith, P. & Jones, K. 2005, Living in Glasgow, 3rd edn, Longman, Edinburgh.

Examples where there are more than six authors:

Tolson, D., Nolan, M., Ferguson, D., Brown, J., Begley, P., Cole, S., et al. 2010, Partnership in practice project. Developing an intervention to promote partnerships

between cared for individuals, family carers and community nurses.   Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow.

3.2 Reference to a Contribution in a Book
Contributing Author’s Surname(s), Initials. Year of publication, “Title of contribution.” in: Title of book, Initials, Surname of author or editor of source

publication, Publisher, Place of Publication, pp. Page numbers of contribution.

Examples:

Bell, J. 2005, “Doing your research project : a guide for first-time researchers in education, health and social science.” in: The big book of research, ed. A.

Smith, 4th edn, Open University Press, Buckingham, pp. 267-280.

Ferguson, D. 2008, “Rehabilitation.” in: Occupational Health Nursing, ed. K. Oakley, 2nd edn, Wiley, Chichester,  pp. 253 -270.

3.3 References to Journal Articles
Author’s Surname(s), Initials. Year of Publication, “Title of article”, Journal Title, Volume Number, Part Number, pp. Page numbers.

Examples:

Austin, S. 2008, “Safer demands smarter: the evolution of workplace
training”, Occupational Hazards, Vol. 70, no. 8, pp. 51.

Piston, G. 2002, “Stress levels in students”, British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 87-98.

3.4 Reference to a Conference Paper
Authorship, Year, “Full title of conference paper”, followed by Full title of conference, Editor or name of organisation, Location, Date (if known), Publisher, Place

of publication, pages of paper pp (if known).

Examples:

Bennett, S., Lockyer, L. & Agostinho, S. 2004, “Investigating how
learning designs can be used as a framework to incorporate learning objects”, Beyond the comfort zone: Proceedings of the 21st ASCILITE conference, eds. R. Atkinson,

C. McBeath, D. Jonas-Dwyer & R. Phillips, Perth, 5-8 December, pp. 116.

Oliver, R. 2002, “Winning the toss and electing to bat: maximising the opportunities of online learning”, Proceedings of the 9th improving student learning conference,

ed. C. Rust, Oxford, pp. 35.

Sharpe, R., Beetham, H. & & Ravenscroft, A. 2003, “Using active representations of knowledge to support tutors to change their practice”, 8th Annual SEDA conference,

SEDA, Birmingham

3.5    Reference to a Newspaper Article
Author’s Surname(s), Initials. Year, Title of article, Full title of Newspaper, Month and day, before the page number of the article.

Example:

Brown, A. 1995, The health of the nation in crisis, Scotland on Sunday, June 4,
p.5.

3.6    Reference to a Publication from a Corporate Body (Government Department or Organisation)
Name of Issuing Body may be part of the title. Year, Title of publication, in italics if a separate element. Report Number in brackets if relevant, Publisher, Place of

publication.

Examples:

Great Britain Department of Health. Medical Devices Agency. 2002, Guidance
on the sale, transfer of ownership and disposal of used medical devices : supplement to   ‘Medical Device and Equipment Management for Hospital and Community-based

Organisations’ (DB9801), HMSO, London.

Manson-Smith, D. & Scottish Consumer Council. 2008, The legal system of Scotland, 4th edn, HMSO, Edinburgh Scotland.

Scottish Executive. 2000, Allied Health Professions now and into the future. HMSO, Edinburgh.

World Health Organisation. 2005, Voluntary Projects in East Africa. (FK3- 2678459) HMSO, Geneva.

3.7    Reference to a Thesis
Author’s Surname, Initials. Year of publication, Title of Thesis, Name of institution to which the thesis was submitted.

Examples:

Singleton, K. 2010, The functional characterisation of the acidic domain of N-
Arginine Dibasic Convertase, Glasgow Caledonian University.

Wood, B.M. 2009, Design as an economic development enabler, Glasgow Caledonian University.

3.8    Programme or Series
Series title, number and title of the episode, the transmitting organisation, the channel, the full date, and time of transmission.

Example:

Disco, Episode 54, Who shot DJ, TV, BBC1, September 15th 1982, 19.30 hrs.

Individual contributions within a programme should be cited as contributors.

Example:

Blair, T. 2001, Interview, in: Tonight, TV, BBC2, March 21st 2001, 23.00     hrs.

3.9    Unpublished works
You may occasionally have access to a document before it is published and will therefore not be able to provide full details:

Example:

Bloggs, J. in press, A new book that I have written,  Vanity, London.

3.10    Personal Communications
When refering to a more informal personal communication such as a letter or phone call, you should provide as much detail as possible. You must ask for permission from

the source before using the material.

Example:

Smith, D. 2007, Accessing practice education in rural areas, (Letter, Personal
communication, 16th October 2007).

3.11    Acts of Parliament
Author (if known), Year, Short title (in italics), with Key words capitalized, which includes the year followed by the chapter number in brackets (if known),

Publisher, Place of publication:

Example:

The Scottish Government, 2004, Higher Education Act, HMSO, Edinburgh.

For Acts prior to 1963, the regal year and parliamentary session are included:

Example:

Road Transport Lighting Act 1957, (5&6 Eliz. 2, c.51), HMSO, London.

4.0    Referencing Electronic Material

British Standard BS 5605:1990, which details the Harvard system, does not include guidance for referencing electronic sources; however, the principles of the Harvard

system have been carried into referencing these newer sources of material. The guidelines given here are based on current accepted practice.

4.1    Reference to Web Pages/sites and e-books
Author’s/Editors Surname(s), Initials. Year, Title [online]. (Edition if not first edition). Publisher, Place of publication if ascertainable. Available at: URL

[Accessed Date].

Examples:

Daly, J. & MyiLibrary. 2005, Professional nursing : concepts, issues, and
challenges [online]. Springer, New York, NY.  Available at: http://www.myilibrary.com?id=181155&Ref=Athens [Accessed 26th March 2010].
Earle, S. & Dawsonera. 2007, Theory and research in promoting public health. [online]. London ; Thousand Oaks Calif.; Milton Keynes England: Sage; In

association with The Open University. Available at: http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/athens?

url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781849202299 [Accessed 26th March 2010].
If no author is identified:
Examples:

Library Services: Glasgow Caledonian University.2010, [online]. Available at: http://www.gcal.ac.uk/library/ [Accessed 31st August, 2010].

People and Health. 2005, [CD-ROM], Gee, Edinburgh.
Available at: libweb.gcal.ac.uk/ E-books  [Accessed 23 October 2006].

4.2    Reference to e-journals
Author’s Surname(s), Initials. Year, “Title of article”, Journal Title, [online],Volume Number, Part Number, page numbers (if known). Available at: URL [Accessed

Date].

Examples:

Aiken, L.H., Buchan, J., Sochalski, J., Nichols, B. & Powell, M. 2004, “Trends in international nurse migration”, Health affairs, [online], Vol. 23, no. 3, pp.

69. Available at: http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/reprint/23/3/69?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&author1=Barbara

%2BNichols&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT&ck=nck. [Accessed 3 February 2010].

Hamill, C. 1999, “Academic essay writing in the first person: a guide for undergraduates”,  Nursing Standard, [online], Vol 13, no. 44, p. 38-40. Available at:

http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/ejournals/333  [Accessed 12 June 2005].

Korb, K. B. 1995, “Persons and things: book review of Bringsjord on Robot-    Consciousness”, Psychology [online], Vol 6, no.15, pp 38-44 Available at:

http://pstcprints.esc.soton.ac.uk/archive/00000462/ [Accessed 20 May 2004].

4.3    Reference to mailbase / listserv e-mail lists
Author’s Surname, Initials. Day Month Year,  “Subject of message”, Discussion List [online]. Available at: list e-mail address [Accessed Date].

Example:

Brack, E.V. 2 May 2004,  Re: “Computing short courses”, Lis-link [online]. Available at: [email protected] [Accessed 17 June 2004].

4.4    Personal Electronic Communications (e-mail)
Sender’s Surname, Initials. (Sender’s e-mail address), Day Month Year. “Subject of Message”. E-Mail to Recipient’s Initials. Surname in capitals (Recipient’s e mail

address).

Example:

Lowman, D. ([email protected]), 4 April 2000. “RE: Procite and     Internet References”. E-Mail to P. CROSS ([email protected]).

4.5    Publications available from websites
For publications found on the internet the required elements for a reference are:
Author or corporate author. Year, Title of document (Publication number if available), [type of medium], Place of publication, Publisher.
Available at: include web site address/URL [Accessed date]

Example:

Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines. 2001, Hypertension in the elderly (SIGN publication 20), [internet], Edinburgh, SIGN. Available at:
http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign49.pdf [Accessed 19 April 2007].

4.6    Referencing CD ROMs and DVDs
This section refers to CD-ROMs which are works in their own right.
Author’s Surname, Initials. Year. “Title” [type of medium], (Edition in brackets if not first edition), Place of publication, Publisher if ascertainable. Available

from: Supplier/Database identifier or number (optional) [Accessed Date] (if known).

Example:

Hawking, S.W. 1994. “A brief history of time: an interactive adventure” [CD-    ROM], Crunch Media.

5.0    Copyright

When photocopying or downloading material you must comply with copyright regulations. Information regarding copyright can be accessed from Glasgow Caledonian Library

web pages. http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/about/Copyright.html

Assessment Guidance
Coursework

RRP 1

  To show evidence of an understanding of
critical thinking, clinical reasoning and evidence based practice, with the focus being on imaging used for diagnosis .

>> My topic : (stroke) as case study , There are two types of stroke
You can pick one (Ischemic , Hemorrhagic or Transient )you can choose what formative and easy to write .

>> No more 3000 words .

>> Use GCU Harvard with references .

  Can be from one of these areas

   Cardiovascular system (heart & blood vessels)

   Central nervous system (brain & spinal cord)

   Alimentary (digestive) system

   Urinary system.

   Respiratory system.

   The reproductive system

  Introduction

  Background

  (This will be your chosen pathology/conditi

  Case

  Conclusion

Introduction

Telling the reader what your essay is going to be.

    “This essay explores the diagnosis of ……. by means of a fictitious case study.”

    Note you can give a name to your patient here, or say Mrs X or Mr Y ……. Make up case study , not from online (create own case study ) should be related to my

disease I choose ( I mean here the symptoms ) without references

   (? <50wrds)

Background

  A brief paragraph introducing your patient &
giving the start of their journey.

   Note – this is a made up case using general
information that you have found

    Here you would make use of information you have found out about patients suffering from this condition/pathology. i.e. –

    If it normally affects young men then you would make your patient a young man

   Make your patient suffer from the symptoms that you
have found patients with this condition suffer from

Background
How to start – examples

    “Mrs X or Y (or patients name) has been suffering from………. for ……., this has affected…………. And she has decided to visit her GP (or doctor). After listening to

her / his history the doctor suspects ……… and has sent her for further diagnostic tests / imaging.”<<< just example .

Other Ideas of relevant information for here?

   ? <100 wds

Heading
(Name of your Pathology / Condition)

    This section is not specifically about your patient, it is about the condition.

  All information in this section should be referenced.

  Structure with sub headings:

   Aetiology

   Diagnosis

   Prognosis

   Treatment options

  The Science of the cause of the disease

  Information about your chosen pathology/condition

  This information will be dependant of the condition.

   Ways in which it is thought to develop

   Possible causes

   Symptoms ( can write a lot of disease in one patient ( mortality incidence )

   How many people it affects,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,aetiology section without images ,

Other Ideas of relevant information for here?

   ? 150 – 200 wds

  This is the main body of your work

    Advantages and Disadvantages of relevant imaging modalities / procedures that can be used in the diagnosis of your chosen pathology / condition , describe

things with images also can make comparison between modalities .

   Taken from literature (critique the evidence) just in general don’t be deep , make it without reference for critique style .

   Has to be referenced

   Critique the evidence (is this a good or bad

   ? 1,600 wds

Sub Headings:
Prognosis   Treatment Options

 Prognosis

   A forecast of the course / duration of the condition may be from article references .

   Based on your research

   Reference

    ? 50wds

  Treatment Options

   Based on research what are the possible
treatments available.

      ? 50wds

Heading
Case
Before write this section  go to references next this page to check pathways and guidelines and related everything’s with background

  Here you return to your fictitious patient

  Write out what happened to your patient after
they were sent for imaging/diagnosis.

   What procedures did they have

    Was this pathway chosen because of your particular patients circumstances
    Age, stage of disease etc

  Was it because of the practice context

    Availability/lack of availability of all modalities

  Try to reference this to published
patient pathway guideleines? (SIGN, NICE etc)

    ? 800-900wds

Guidelines
    NICE – National institute for health & care excellence. (UK/ England)

    http://www.nice.org.uk/

    SIGN – Scottish intercollegiate guidelines network (UK / Scotland)

    http://www.sign.ac.uk/

   G-I-N – Guidelines International Ne

    http://www.g-i-n.net/gin

   National Guidelines Clearinghouse

    http://www.guideline.gov/

   Clinical Practice Guidelines Portal

   https://www.clinicalguidelines.gov.au/

Conclusion

  Still the fictitious patient.

    What happened to your patient after diagnosis

    This should be based on information you have found out from searching literature

  What would normally happen to a patient that you
have described

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