Posted: March 24th, 2015

Challenging Pain Management Misconceptions

Task
For over 40 years the research literature has reinforced that the global under-treatment of pain is due to barriers inherent to both patients/clients and clinicians. In particular, misconceptions pertaining to the use of opioids can negatively influence the input of key stakeholders in the pain management situation. This then has the potential to sabotage effective pain management outcomes and perpetuate unnecessary suffering.
You are to write an essay which:
1) Identifies and describes common opioid misconceptions and the reasons why they exist;
2) Critically discusses their specific impact on both the accuracy of pain assessment, decisions regarding the use of analgesics (including opioids) and the timely and necessary involvement of other members of the multidisciplinary team;
3) Provides factual evidence from both your Module readings and wider research to dispel each misconception, and
4) Outlines a plan, strategies and resources for education that you could use in your day to day dealings with both clients and colleagues in order to change attitudes and help minimize the impact of these misconceptions, so that pain management practices become more consistent and evidence-based.

You may elect to discuss these misconceptions in relation to a particular group (e.g. young children, elderly people, clients with known opioid addiction issues, etc.) or type of pain (e.g. malignant pain/terminal disease or chronic non-malignant pain, etc.).
Rationale
The rationale for this assessment is for you to identify and explore one of the issues/misconceptions which has traditionally been problematic for pain management (i.e. misconceptions related to age, gender, race, authority over pain,use of opioids; advocacy and other legal/ethical issues, etc.) and design strategies in order to facilitate change to effect more positive pain management outcomes.
This assessment task is aligned with the following learning outcomes:
* discuss theoretical models that help to explain individual differences in suffering and pain behaviour;
* discuss factors that frequently contribute to suffering and pain behaviour;
* discuss legal and ethical issues associated with managing pain.

Part 2: Design a 8-bit counter and a 4-to-7 decoder for the Seven-Segment display.

The output voltage signal from the analogue circuit should then be converted into an 8-bit digital signal, which represents the levels of the motor speed. You can choose the generic 8-bit ADC device from the Proteus library => Modelling Primitives => ADC_8 for this task. Following is an example connection of the ADC convertor that you can refer to when you design your circuit.

Design a 8-bit synchronous counter by using D-type flip-flops. The counter should be driven by a CLK signal running at 256k Hz. You should show how the counter is designed, and simulate the circuit.
Marks allocation: [20%]
The MSB output of the counter should be used to connect to the clock terminal of ADC_8 converter. The value of the output of the adc_8 converter should be displayed in two 7-segment display units, the MSB four bits are displayed in one and the LSB four bits in another. In order to achieve this, you should design the 4-to-7 decoder for the 7-segment display, as detailed below.

A 7-segment display decoder is commonly used to display a particular number representation using a display composed of seven LED segments. The diagram below represents a 7-segment display decoder which converts a 4-bit binary number into a collection of symbols to be displayed:

Your 7-segment decoder should accept a 4-bit binary numbers [x3, x2, x1, x0], which represents integer numbers 0 – 9 and letter A, B, D d, E, F. The decoder should output signals “0” to drive the appropriate segments (a-g) of a standard 7-segment display as shown above. The symbols used should be:

Complete the truth table for the 4-to-7 decoder: Use Karnaugh map to simply the logic expressions for the 4-to-7 decoder. You should convert the expressions from SOP form to POS form so that you can make use of the NAND gates only. Simulate your decoder circuit and demonstrate that the circuit is working properly. [20%]

Connect the 8-bit counter outputs to two 4-7 decoders which drive two seven-segment display units, respectively. Simulate the circuit and demonstrate that entire circuit works properly. [10%]

You could use the logic components in the Proteus library TTL/74LS:

D Flip-Flop: 74LS74N
2-input AND gate: 74LS08N Inverter: 74LS04N
2-input NAND gate: 74LS00N 3-input NAND gate: 74LS10N
4-input NAND gate: 74LS20N XOR gate: 74LS86N

What you should hand in

Once you have completed the designs, prepare for the submission process. You are required to submit a lab report (less than 10 pages) including:

• The detailed description and calculation of your design.
• Circuit schematic with clear comments.
• The simulation results, waveforms.
• Discussions of your design problems, methods of improvement and conclusions.

Refer to the report marking scheme for the detailed requirements.

If your circuit is not completely functional by the due date, you should turn in what you have to receive partial credit. Late submission will be penalised. Refer to the assignment marking scheme for details.
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