Discuss the particular civil rights abuses that took place in the Tuskegee syphilis experiment and the U.S. Defense Department-sponsored radiation experiments at the University of Cincinnati Medical School.

Upon completion of the Required Readings, write a thorough, well-planned narrative answer to each of the following discussion questions. Rely on your Required Readings and the Lecture and Research Update for specific information to answer each discussion question, but turn to your original thoughts when asked to apply, evaluate, analyze, or synthesize the information. Your Discussion Question responses should be both grammatically and mechanically correct and formatted in the same fashion as the questions themselves. If there is a Part A, your response should identify a Part A, etc. In addition, you must appropriately cite all resources used in your responses and document them in a bibliography using APA style.

1. Discussion Question 4_09 Discuss the particular civil rights abuses that took place in the Tuskegee syphilis experiment and the U.S. Defense Department-sponsored radiation experiments at the University of Cincinnati Medical School. Explain the role that prejudice, lack of informed consent, and political power played in these medical experiments on human subjects. Describe the institutional safeguards that have been adopted to prevent such abuses from occurring in the future including the Belmont report and the Common Rule. (25 points) (A 1½-page response is required.)

2. Discussion Question 4_10 Discuss the following two (2) cases: the corruption of public officials with that of police using Operation ABSCAM and the Mollen Commission’s investigation of the New York Police Department. Explain what makes this kind of criminal conduct “white collar” or “blue collar” and why it is difficult to expose. Finally, what is being done to reduce or eliminate these types of crimes? (25 points) (A 1½-page response is required.)

3. Activity 4_11 Ethics in Research

As noted in the Lecture and Research Update, experts estimate that nearly 3 million Americans volunteer annually to participate in 50,000-60,000 ongoing clinical trials designed to test new drugs and therapies in an effort to cure diseases and save lives. However, some of the methods employed by researchers are generating concerns about the safety and welfare of their test subjects. This brings to question the motive for placing the lives of the test subjects at risk for what some would label as profit motivation.

For this activity you will write a comparative analysis pertaining to the use of humans in research studies. You will use the following two (2) documents as the foundation for your analysis.

Summary of the Belmont Report http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.htm Guidelines for Writing Informed Consent Documents http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/info/sheet6.html NOTE: If the above Web sites do not work properly, performing an Internet search on the document titles will provide other Web sites hosting the same information for your analysis.

Your analysis must meet the following criteria.

Part A Summarize the Belmont Report.

Part B Summarize the Guidelines for Writing Informed Consent Documents.

Part C Profits aside, provide your opinion on whether or not the price of a few humans now is worth the benefit of saving hundreds of thousands of lives in the future. Research and include two (2) additional sources to support your position. Your Activity responses should be both grammatically and mechanically correct and formatted in the same fashion as the Activity itself. If there is a Part A, your response should identify a Part A, etc. In addition, you must appropriately cite all resources used in your response and document them in a bibliography using APA style. (100 points) (A 3-page response is required.)

4. Discussion Question 5_12 Briefly describe the Medicare and Medicaid programs and provide three (3) examples of the type of fraud typically committed in these programs. (20 points) (A 1-page response is required.)

5. Discussion Question 5_13 Describe two (2) statutes/provisions specifically enacted to address Medicare and Medicaid Fraud. Evaluate the effectiveness of these statutes and/or provisions in controlling medical fraud. (30 points) (A 2-page response is required.)

6. Activity 5_14 Health Care Fraud

Your Activity responses should be both grammatically and mechanically correct and formatted in the same fashion as the Activity itself. If there is a Part A, your response should identify a Part A, etc. In addition, you must appropriately cite all resources used in your response and document them in a bibliography using APA style.

Health care fraud of all kinds costs taxpayers nearly $100 billion a year. Based on your review of the Required Readings, current event articles, Lecture and Research Update, and Internet research, write an essay discussing the following criteria. (100 points) (A 3-page response is required.)

Part A Define health care fraud. Differentiate between health care fraud and health care abuse. (20 points)

Part B List ten (10) examples of medical crimes/fraud. (20 points)

Part C Summarize four (4) medical crime/fraud cases within the last year. Detail the case, outcomes, and the associated costs to the parties involved/public. (40 points)

Part D Provide five (5) recommendations on what the public at-large can do to help prevent health care crime/fraud. (20 points)

7. Discussion Question 6_15 Edwin Sutherland defined “white-collar crime” as actions committed by those in high social status in the course of their occupation to secure economic gain. Summarize the exploits of Stanley Mark Rifkin and Kevin Mitnick and compare them against the above definition to conclude whether or not their computer-related offenses fit Sutherland’s definition of this type of criminal activity. In either case, decide whether or not you agree with the consequences each received for the illegal conduct. (25 points) (A 1½-page response is required.)

8. Discussion Question 6_16 How do societies and institutions/organizations generate the opportunities, motives, and means for white-collar crime? Include in your answer a discussion of the neutralization techniques white-collar criminals use to justify their behavior, as well as the concept of criminogenic industries. (25 points) (A 1½-page response is required.)