Posted: December 6th, 2014

Institution Affiliation Diana George’s Report Summery

Pre -assingment

Institution Affiliation

Diana George’s Report Summery
In her report Changing the Face of Poverty, Diana George brings forward the notion that American people and its organizations against poverty, generally provide poverty with the wrong impression. She argues that there is poverty all around the country, just that it is hard to notice it. She says that organizations such as ‘Habitat for Humanity’ gives the impression that people should think of a third world country and sad homeless people when thinking of poverty. This point of view hides the same poverty problem as experienced in the country. She writes that the nonprofit organization that ‘aims to eliminate poverty housing from the globe’ may be working against itself. She believes that videos and ads by Habitat for Humanity would be more effective and bring the poverty issue closer to home if they were created locally thus showing the poverty in the country. This would show that the poor are the next-door neighbors who need help and not just the people from far seen in pictures and advertisements. According to the article, the author’s theme is that, poverty is portrayed in the wrong face of different people and countries.
According to Diana George, the problem is poverty’s publicity to the public. She comments, “The usual videos and ads used by organizations to show poverty, fails to bring forward the real picture of poverty in the country and how people can address it,” (p.4). They fail because they show severe levels of poverty, for instance, in Africa, thus failing to notice the locals who are poor though not as severe. She, therefore, suggests that organizations such as Habitat should restructure how they portray the poor in their videos so that they can include specific areas, and not just the people living in extreme cases. As her recommended amendment, these organizations should make people better understand poverty as it is in different specific locations of the world and try to work from there.
Author’s response
Diana George’s article manages to bring forward a point of view that almost never existed in the eyes of Americans. I agree to her proposal that poverty levels are dissimilar in diverse places in the world, for example, in America where the level is not so severe as compared to the poverty levels in Africa where it is life threatening. On the other hand, I disagree that the organization such as habitat, work against its aims by using extreme poverty videos and ads. She is way off in the point where she states that the habitat for humanity is working against its aims by using pictures, scenes, and videos with people living in severe poverty. She points out that they should also show levels of poverty in the country.” The truth is that the organizations use the poorest conditions to make the videos because these are the people who need help more than others, as they live the “right poverty face,” a face that George calls ‘the wrong face.’
Diana George criticizes these nonprofit organizations for calling upon the public to make a difference by providing help to such organizations, saying that they can instead help the local people in need of housing. This point is highly uncalled for as she misses the point that the difference in poverty levels means priority help to those who need it more than others do. The idea behind the use of severe poverty level videos and ads is to ask for assistance from the public to help those in severe cases first. This is a point that George clearly fails to appreciate. The people living in severe cases, for instance, those in Africa call for immediate assistance as the poverty levels there is life-threatening as compared to the local poor (who agreeably need help as well), whose case do not need the immediate involvement of aid organizations like Habitat for Humanity.
References
George, D. (2001). Changing the face of poverty: Non-profits and the problem of representation.     Rep, pp 1-12.

Audience: Yourself, your Writing professor, and your future self as a graduating senior at College.
.
Your reflection will be similar to a letter to readers, introducing them to your work and reflecting on your progress as a writer. Think of it as an argument on your progress as a writer, using your pre- and post-assessment responses and research paper as evidence of your growth.

Consider some (not all) of the following questions as a guide:
Your tone in the essay can be both professional and personal.
You should write the essay in paragraph form.
Your reflection must describe the revisions to your pre-assessment response and your reasoning behind those revisions, connecting your choices in revising to the other assignments in the class.

You might use the pre- and post-assessment exercise as an introduction to the issues you will discuss in the reflection, or even as an organizing principle.

What differences do you see in your writing from the beginning of the semester until the end ?of the semester?
What is the area you think you have improved the most?
How do the ?papers show your growth as a critical reader and academic researcher?
What do you like about your writing? What would you improve?
How does the final research paper and post-assessment response show the improvement in ?your writing over the course of the semester?
What challenges did you face in your writing this semester? How did you over come those ?challenges?
What particular techniques did you adopt to improve your self as a writer?
How you’re your writing benefit from peer critique? How did your writing benefit from ?instructor feedback? How did you incorporate feedback?
How did you choose the topics you wrote about? How are these topics important to you? ?How did your thinking on the topics evolve as you researched and wrote about them?
How does your writing contained in this class meet the goals?
How does your work represent the difference between your high school writing and college academic writing?
What skills have you learned that you hope to further improve?
What skill shave you learned that you will use on future writing assignments?
You should not answer all of these questions or answer them in this order. You may address issues not specified by these questions to personalize your reflection. For each claim you make, be sure to reference evidence from your writing.
Think about you as a writer—That is, address how your writing process has changed or improved in addition to how your writing improved.
Finally, think about your growth as a writer as unfinished. Obviously, this class could not teach you everything you would ever want to know about academic writing. So what elements of your academic writing do you hope to improve in future classes? How will you apply certain skills in future classes? Will you continue to draft and revise if it is not required, for example?

NOTE: WHERE IT SAYS Work IT REFERS TO THE FOLLOWIN AND THESE ARE UPLODED ON ATTACHMENT

1)    post-assignment,
2)     First paper,
3)    second paper,
4)    research paper

Research paper

Gender representation in Television

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Abstract
The media represent gender roles in a stereotypical manner. Television leads the way in portraying the traditional roles in which men and women play in the society. For many years, television has shaped the way people perceive the roles of men and women. Women have been depicted as wives, mothers, victims, dependents, weak, emotive, and sex objects among other attributes. On the other hand, television portrays men as heroes, working class, breadwinners, go-getters, intellectuals and powerful people. This paper looks at the ways in which television represents women; it will discuss gender roles in the society and mass media, stereotypes in commercials, and stereotypes in the TV series.

1.0 Introduction
People are continuously exposed to different forms of media. These includes television, radio, internet, newspapers and magazines. Some people believe that TV has the greatest influence since it has a central role in people’s lifestyle. It is readily available and a relaxing source of entertainment for the majority of people. Every medium tries to promote certain beliefs and opinions on its audience. The exposure to beliefs, ideas and opinions of the media will in the long run cause people to accept them as their habits (Paceley & Flynn, 2012). The effect can easily be felt in children and youth who are in search of personal identity.
The media attempts to show what a good woman ought to be: obedient, sensitive, and domesticated. Women with an opposite behavior are viewed as bad and disobedient; a woman who appears independent is no longer a woman (Paceley & Flynn, 2012). The woman will be viewed as masculine and unattractive to the majority of men. With the above negative portrayal of women, it is easy to conclude that the media is the enemy of women. Nevertheless, it must be understood that no individual is forced to watch TV and movies, read books, or play video games. Gender stereotypes exist in plenty in different forms of media although not all of them can be blamed on the media (Paek et al., 2014). The media simply exercise a form of free speech enjoyed across the world. It has been observed that some media content does not reflect reality and should not be taken seriously.
The men’s dominance in making decisions for television programs, movies, and video games is evident. Men dominate the production, writing of scripts and acting in the video and TV series industry. Nonetheless, the video and the TV series industry is improving the representation of men and women (Reichert & Lambiase, 2013). From the late last century, gender roles on TV have increasingly become the same and non-stereotyped. Today, it is easy to watch TV shows where the two genders work side by side in schools, hospitals, and offices among other places.
The two genders are misrepresented as stereotypes in the media, and they get embedded in the mind of people as it is passed on to generations. The gender stereotypes in the media are viewed as acceptable reality in the society. The media industry has improved in the past few years; women are gaining leading roles, and women and men are presented as equals when playing different roles (Paek et al., 2014).
1.2 Gender roles in the society
The challenges experienced when differentiating the roles of men and women in the shows the effect of stereotypes in the society. In earlier days, the patriarchy was the prevailing family model. For many years, men have been thought to be financial providers, career people, confident and autonomous. Alternatively, women were seen as low-caliber workers, caring wives and mothers (they raise children and do house jobs) (Durkheim, 2014). In modern days, however, a family model is found in a partnership, not on patriarchy and women have the same rights and abilities in the labor market.
Women’s agitations for change played a big role in the transformation of the roles of the two genders. Women’s groups fought very hard for the rights of women and the change of gender roles. These women argued that there should be no difference between masculine and feminine professions and that trait of character must not be attributed to just one gender. Even though men and women are not yet equal, there is a small distinction between the two genders (Durkheim, 2014). However, many institutions, for instance, mass media, still display gender stereotypes arguing that they are widely known by every person and assist the receivers to appreciate the substance of the message.
1.3 Gender roles in mass media
Gender roles have been defined as the behaviors, attitudes and beliefs that a culture relates to the roles of male and female; they are assigned by the leading ascribed cultural stereotypes. Consequently, sex role stereotypes are decided by the cultural beliefs concerning what gender roles are supposed to be. Gender role stereotypes are beliefs about the basic features of both male and female (Collins, 2011).
The mass media help to create social norms because they are available almost everywhere in the modern world. Gender roles exist only because the society has chosen to accept them because of their perpetuation by the media. Listeners, viewers and readers need to know what the media is presenting to them, and ensure that they do not get involved in the repression of women. It is said that Television is the most pervasive media; since more than 96.7% of American families own a TV. Viewers need to examine the programs they watch to ensure they are ethically correct (Collins, 2011).
For instance, The Big Bang Theory, in its early seasons had only one regular female actor, Penny. The character of Penny was that of the stereotypical woman (the ditzy and beautiful) who lived to create sexual satisfaction to the other actors. As the show went on, additional women were introduced, but their roles still remained the same: to create romantic tension (McIntosh, 2011). An excellent illustration of women in TV is found in the TV show The Office that boasted of a few female characters. The show depicts a strong working-class of women in every department of the organization. All the women in the show are dynamic although some of them portrayed female gender roles. Although the character of Kelly is emotional, the characters were given enough background to exceed stereotypes. The show went against the regrettable statistics that consistently show that men are more than women.
Throughout the world media, the issue of gender roles in television is still rampant. It may seem as if it is absent since women have similar chances as men, television shows still represent women as stereotypical housewife. While still young, children are exposed to ads and programs that highlight gender roles; the media shapes this idea and maintain it in the society. Girls are shown playing the roles of their mothers or playing with dolls while boys are related to cars and other office jobs (Collins, 2011). It can be argued that children do learn gender roles from the media and they carry them into adulthood.
1.4 Television and society
It seems that the media are controlling the modern world; we live on a planet where people get up in the morning and encounter various types of news. The media bombards viewers and listeners with news and entertainment throughout the day. In the nightfall, when people are resting after a busy day, the television entertains people with different soap operas (Kellner, 1995). Because of the observation, the impact of TV on society becomes more evident.
Since watching TV appears to be an essential part of each day, many people believe that the TV is so much part of today’s life that they cannot imagine life without it. The mass media keep all informed. It also  provides entertainment and comfort. These are the reasons why many people choose to invest in digital cables to increase their experience of many channels (Rodero et al., 2013). In addition, many people have invested on the internet to allow them know about what happens around the world. Some viewers use the World Wide Web to watch their favorite shows, movies, and celebrities. Everything people experience shape them for who they are now. Everything people see on TV influence the way they think to a certain extent. Besides shows, movies and commercials also influence the character, choices and decisions of many people. Commercials get a significant portion of the airtime, which is enough to make people stop and take notice (Kellner, 1995).
Television has an important role in the society; it has inspired media studies courses in colleges and the writing of books and articles that identify the role of television in today’s society. Either good or bad, television plays a critical role in the lives of people and the society as a whole. Through the means of television, a lot becomes known about the culture, geographical features of different lands and economic activities of different people. Television has made the world a small village and far-away places more familiar to all people. Examples are programs such as the Jerry Springer (US) and the Jeremy Kyle Show (UK). They give an opportunity for citizens to show their way of life to people watching them in far flung places  around the world (Rodero et al., 2013).
Despite the age of an individual, there is a lot to learn from television since many TV programs are interesting and educational. Although soap operas and dramas may not be taken seriously, they can impart knowledge to people on the way of doing something or display a great place to visit (Rodero et al., 2013). Knowledge received when an individual watches a TV program he/she enjoys is more likely to stay with him/her than facts, which are enforced in institutions of learning.
Television permits viewers to watch drama, performances and other creative media that may be expensive or not easy to access; the performances can be watched by many people rather than a few with financial muscles. Television acts as a great leveler when it concerns culture; the armchair viewer gets a better view of the happenings than those who sit in the premium seats at the live concert. The only thing that misses is atmosphere, but the cultural enjoyment is just the same (Rodero et al., 2013). The happenings in soap operas, the evictions from the reality show or the performance of a team in the league are all discussion fodder for different places of meeting. Although the subject matter can be lightweight, it allows people to talk and interact, and can create a good relationship amongst people. Concisely, TV plays a primary role in society that can be good or bad. Nonetheless, bright, knowledgeable adults can disconnect the good and bad effects, and will not permit TV to have a negative control on their lives.
The influence of TV on society gets stronger each day due to advancement in technology; movies and commercials get acclimatized to the society. As TV shows are being molded in accordance with the needs of viewers, they will continue to have enormous influence on how people think. The development of people’s physical self, behavior, and thinking is mainly caused by dynamism in the media world.
1.5 Stereotypes in commercials
Commercials are made after considering the target audience; a majority of them are directed towards luring young adults and teenagers since they are the most insecure age groups. Younger persons are always watchful of how they appear in terms of clothes and physical appearance. The young generation has disposable income; they are excited to buy the latest devices and products (Rodero et al., 2013). As young people seek individuality, they like to show off to their peers by possessing the latest products, which can cause them to buy on impulse, something that works to the benefit of advertisers.
What an individual owns, how he/she is, and how one is perceived state his/her social status; that is how the modern society works. The advertisers have brilliantly managed to exploit that weakness. The advertisers require an avenue to infiltrate the psyche of viewers hoping to convince them to buy their products. They manage to create images in potential customers’ minds by obtaining things that will make their life better. Although some advertisers’ claims are real, others just give false hopes. Customers need to use their intelligence to recognize the real ones (Rodero et al., 2013).
TV ads are the primary sources of gender stereotyping since they are designed to target a certain group. The target of modern day commercial is to both satisfy and create needs. Women are regularly presented in ads since they are known for making everyday purchases. As men advertize vehicles and investment products, women advertize cosmetics and domestic products (Shantz & Latham, 2012). In addition, the woman is portrayed in the home environment while men are shown operating from outside. Another critical observation in the ads is the face-ism fact; the ads show the entire figure of women but close-up shots in men. While the first method lowers the receiver’s judgment of the intellect of the person on the ad, the second one evokes positive associations.
An individual can distinguish commercials with female vamps, the objects of desire of men. Women advertize cosmetics in such commercials, but may also emerge in the ads that are directed towards men. When a beautiful woman acknowledges and praises the men’s cosmetics, it is taken by men as an assurance of its quality. Some other ads present women who have a concern about protecting their beauty. The woman in such an ad has a healthy lifestyle; she is active and uses different body and facial cosmetics (Shantz & Latham, 2012). Nonetheless, one notices the presence of very slim actresses in these commercials; they tend to assume that only slim women can be attractive and healthy. Accordingly, many female viewers get concerned about their weight that can have negative repercussions.
Male stereotypes are many; a man is seen as “a real man”, athletic, victorious, expert, and a seducer (Rodero et al., 2013). The male actor has a branded car and a Smartphone, the other type presenting men devoted to their families is less popular among the audience and ads producers. Men are hardly presented in housecleaning, but if they are, it is a satirical image like that of the Mister Muscle commercial where he appears as an expert. Advertising gurus also use the typecast of male companionship called “buddy narratives” where men act by going to a social event. These men have the same welfare and opinions since they can enjoy spending time as one by engaging in adventurous plays (Shantz & Latham, 2012).
Many ads are directed to children by indicating their place in the society for both girls and boys. The commercials will show girls as taking care of children or play cooking while boys engage in computer games or playing football. When men and women appear in an ad together, they are presented as marriage partners. A sexual undertone can be used in that case even when the product being advertised does not relate to the erotic sphere (Boyle, 2005). During competitions, women are portrayed as weaker than men since men will always win.
1.6 Representation of gender in TV series
Around the world, man are expected to be strong, dominant, and rational while women are weak, submissive and moving among other stereotypes. The media is engaged in belittling women by portraying them in stereotypical roles; hence, these social values are committed by media content.
1.6.1 Gender representation in ‘Two and a Half Men’
Many feminists believe that the media portray female characters as wives, mothers, and daughters or even sexual objects. In order to study gender roles and stereotypes, the American TV series Two and a Half Men will play a critical role to determine those roles. The main character, Charlie Harper, is a wealthy person who lives in a big house by the ocean alongside his brother Alan. The series shows that Charlie is a womanizer who gets attracted to slim, sexy and beautiful women. Regardless of being in his 40s, Charlie abhors long-term dedication to a woman. When Charlie finally falls in love with a lovely woman, it becomes difficult for him to desist from sexual acts with other women (Hatfield, 2010).
One of the most well-liked episodes of the series is the one involving Megan Fox. In the chapter called ‘Camel Filters and Pheromones,’ Megan Fox plays the part of a 16-year old girl who has an inadequate education. When the girl gets into Charlie’s house, every man including a 10-year-old boy drools over her beautiful body. The girl appears in the episode poorly dressed and cleans the windows in a very provoking way in the presence of two men (Hatfield, 2010). That section of the series assists the audience to see the depiction of women through Charlie’s viewpoint. Physical appearance and clothing are the main concerns that have been raised concerning how women are portrayed in the media. The author argues that it replicates the portrayal of women as objects for male satisfaction.
In addition to the many women that Charlie takes to his house for a one-night stand in the episodes, the female minor character roles are also classified into stereotypical roles. The play depicts Rose as a stalker of the protagonist, even though he frequently rejected her. Rose shows attributes of compliance and an illogical loyalty towards Charlie as she expects that he would sleep with him once more time. Judith, Alan’s former wife, is shown as an aggravated and spiteful woman becomes envious at the suspicion that her ex-husband is having an affair with another woman (Hatfield, 2010). One of the intelligent female characters appearing in the play is Evelyn, who id dressed in stylish suits and has a sense of complexity. Evelyn is represented as a selfish and evil woman to the point where some characters avoid her; she dates a rich old man hoping to get an inheritance from them. The above observations of female characters display how the play shows the women’s weaknesses and negative personality traits that affect many women (Hatfield, 2010).
The series present women as objects of sexual satisfaction for the male characters. Additionally, women who carry minor roles are in a way referred to as ‘the mother of’, ‘the wife of’ and the ‘the girlfriend of,’ whereas Bertha, serve the role of Charlie’s maid. Besides, the majority of women in the series lacks a voice of their own (do not speak their minds). It is only Bertha, from time to time makes a humorous and clever remark about a man, who speaks out her mind (Hatfield, 2010). The other characters’ roles are always measured through the viewpoint of men.
1.6.2 Gender representation in ‘The Big Bang Theory’
“The Big Bang Theory” portrays American gender roles and stereotypical analysis of male and female actions through the characters of Penny, Sheldon and Leonard (McIntosh, 2011). Leonard and Sheldon are two physicists who have different personalities; whereas Leonard is fond of many girls, Sheldon is a weird person. The two characters manage to conform to the image of ‘geek’, although they possess different male attributes.
Some people argue that men are more aggressive because of the testosterone existing in their body; Sheldon, a character in the series, possesses the male stereotype of aggression. Sheldon appears to be making fun of Penny, a beautiful next-door girl; he appears to be mean towards her (McIntosh, 2011). Sheldon is intellectually demeaning towards the female character that portrays the stereotypical perspective that men are fond of showing their achievement and dominant status in social gatherings (McIntosh, 2011).
On many occasions, men are competing in their social groups by exercising their masculinity and comparing their intellect and status to one another. The man’s aim of contact is competitive as it projects their interest in upholding a dominant status and enlarging their power. In the initial episode, Sheldon and Leonard contrast their achievements on whiteboards and argue that each is better compared to the other in the presence of Penny. Sheldon symbolizes a conventional man who likes showing off and is hostile and aggressive towards other people (McIntosh, 2011).
The other stereotype is the illusion that men are the heroes while women are the victims. The stereotype was common in the movies of the 1960s and 1970s that focused on male heroes, while women were portrayed as people in need of security. The same situation exists in the series between Penny and the two men (McIntosh, 2011). When Penny faces a relationship difficulty, she requests help from Sheldon and Leonard, who give her solutions to the problems. The episodes incorrectly show women’s reliance on men to protect them from obnoxious situations that can be solved by women without needing the help of men. In an early episode, Penny falls in the bathroom and dislodges her shoulder. The first thing that Penny does is to call Sheldon to take her to the hospital; the scene depicts women as victims of circumstances and men as aggressive and rescuers (McIntosh, 2011).
Conclusion
Some feminists believe that to prevail over the representation of stereotypes in the mass media, women need to assume non-conventional roles and apply ‘masculine’ qualities. The media will then show the change by conveying more women and men in non-conventional roles and by using the right language. Nonetheless, the objectification of female characters in the media is an unavoidable happening. Women, being depicted as sex objects are gaining ground in the music industry. However, other stereotypes prominent in the past decades that included the representation of women as housewives and mothers are slowly becoming less popular.

References
Boyle, K. (2005). ‘Feminism without Men’ in Mass Media and Society. US: Hodder Arnold.
Collins, R. L. (2011). Content analysis of gender roles in media: Where are we now and where         should we go? Sex Roles, 64(3-4), 289-299.
Durkheim, E. (2014). The division of labor in society. Simon and Schuster.
Eisend, M. (2010). A meta-analysis of gender roles in advertising. Journal of the Academy of         Marketing Science, 38(4), 418-440.
Galician, M. L. (2013). Sex, love, and romance in the mass media: Analysis and criticism of         unrealistic portrayals and their influence. Routledge.
Gauntlett, D. (2002). Media, Gender and Identity. London: Routledge.
Hatfield, E. F. (2010). “What it Means to Be a Man”: Examining Hegemonic Masculinity in Two         and a Half Men. Communication, Culture & Critique, 3(4), 526-548., R. (2006).  Kellner, D. (1995). ‘Cultural Studies, Multiculturalism and Media Culture’ in Gender, Race and         Class in Media. Sage Publications.
McIntosh, H. (2011). Gendering Intelligence and Sexuality on The Big Bang Theory. Retrieved         on November 5, 2014 from http://flowtv.org/2011/06/gendering-intelligence/
Paceley, S., & Flynn, K. (2012). Media representations of bullying toward queer youth:             gender, race, and age discrepancies. Journal of LGBT Youth, 9(4), 340-356.
Paek, J., Vilela, M., & Nelson, R. (2014). Gender-Role Portrayals in TV Advertising.             Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 2477-2483.
Reichert, T., & Lambiase, J. (Eds.). (2013). Sex in consumer culture: The erotic content of media         and marketing. Routledge.
Rodero, E., Larrea, O., & Vázquez, M. (2013). Male and Female Voices in Commercials:         Analysis of Effectiveness, Adequacy for the Product, Attention and Recall. Sex roles,     68 (5-6), 347-363.
Shantz, A., & Latham, G. P. (2012). The Effect of Stereotype Threat on the Interview             Performance of Women. Advancing Women in Leadership, 32(1).

Annotated bibliography
Collins, R. L. (2011). Content analysis of gender roles in media: Where are we now and         where    should we go? Sex Roles, 64(3-4), 289-299.
Collin’s article looks at different gender roles in the society; there are various roles played by men and women in the media. The article explains that females are viewed from the traditional lenses where they stay at home and take care of their families. On the other hand, men are domineering in the way they conduct their affairs and are mostly the breadwinners of their families. However, the article foresees the future where both men and women will be portrayed in the same light. The world is changing very fast, and roles connected to the two genders also change. The article is critical to this paper as it seeks to explain the way the media content portray men and women.
Galician, M. L. (2013). Sex, love, and romance in the mass media: Analysis and criticism of         unrealistic portrayals and their influence. Routledge.
Galician’s book looks at love, sex and romance in the mass media. The book explains that the three topics are predominant in the mass media where men and women are given various roles. The book shows that women are seen as objects of love, sex and romance where they appear weak partners. In matters love, sex and romance, men dominate the scene while women must submit to men. The book criticizes the wrong portrayal of women in the media that shapes the minds of many people. Women are wrongly portrayed as people who can be manipulated in matters sex, love and romance. The article is relevant to this paper since it shows the ways women are erroneously presented in the mass media.

Hatfield, E. F. (2010). “What it means to be a Man”: Examining Hegemonic Masculinity in         Two and a Half Men. Communication, Culture & Critique, 3(4), 526-548., R. (2006).
The article looks at the role of man in the TV series “Two and a Half Men”. According to the article, men have different roles that they can play in the society. The man is a career person, influential, hardworking, independent, a hero, and one who can influence women. The article shows how men influence women in matters concerning love and romance. It stereotypical represents man as somebody who can move around with women at any time. Women are portrayed as weak and dependent on men. The article is relevant to this paper since is shows how men are stereotypically presented in the media.
Paek, J., Vilela, M., & Nelson, R. (2014). Gender-Role Portrayals in TV Advertising.             Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 2477-2483.
TV commercials contribute a big deal in the way women are portrayed in the media. Men participate in roles such as a family man, career person, advertising vehicles and offering advice to other people especially women. The article explains that women advertize products such as lotions and perfumes that people believe are used by women only. Girls will be seen promoting things such as dolls and kitchen equipment while boys will advertize computer games and other things connected with boys. This article shows that the experience children gain when they are still young will be taken into adulthood. The article is very relevant to this paper since it explains the ways in which stereotypes are embedded in young children’s life.
Reichert, T., & Lambiase, J. (Eds.). (2013). Sex in consumer culture: The erotic content of         media and marketing. Routledge.
The Reichert and Lambiase’s article asserts that sex is deeply embedded in media and marketing industry in the wrong way. The article argues that the media has apportioned both the female and male characters different roles when preparing marketing products. Whereas media and marketing have different roles, the issue of gender parity is far from reality. In order to attract customers, marketers will make commercials that will attract the interest of many people. The media will have to design commercials that augur well with what people believe are the roles of women and men in the society. The article offers readers the opportunity to learn the various roles that women and men play in TV commercials. It is important to this article since it shows the different ways in which marketing products promote gender stereotypes.
Rodero, E., Larrea, O., & Vázquez, M. (2013). Male and Female Voices in Commercials:         Analysis of Effectiveness, Adequacy for the Product, Attention and Recall. Sex roles,     68 (5-6), 347-363.
Rodero, Larrea and Vázquez’s article looks at the effectiveness of men and women in different commercials. When making commercials, producers need to identify the targeted population in order to decide who will feature in the commercials. For commercials targeting women, women will be the ones to feature prominently in the commercials. For those commercials targeted towards men, men will feature in the commercials. However, some commercials feature women in order to attract men to a particular product. The article helps readers to know when the two genders are supposed to feature in TV ads.

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