Posted: May 18th, 2017

Jenkins, Al, and Brady conceived a plan to make some quick cash. They decided to kidnap the young son of a player for the city’s professional football team. In order to assure they would not run into the big 290-pound defensive end, they carefully timed the kidnapping on an away game weekend. On the appointed day, Al did not show up, but Jenkins and Brady decided to go ahead with the plan without him. Although the house was in a gated community, Jenkins and Brady were able to get past the gate in Jenkins’ work van under the pretense of fixing a resident’s plumbing. They snatched the boy from the front driveway where he was playing and drove several hundred miles to a remote part of the state

Jenkins, Al, and Brady conceived a plan to make some quick cash. They decided to kidnap the young son of a player for the city’s professional football team. In order to assure they would not run into the big 290-pound defensive end, they carefully timed the kidnapping on an away game weekend. On the appointed day, Al did not show up, but Jenkins and Brady decided to go ahead with the plan without him. Although the house was in a gated community, Jenkins and Brady were able to get past the gate in Jenkins’ work van under the pretense of fixing a resident’s plumbing. They snatched the boy from the front driveway where he was playing and drove several hundred miles to a remote part of the state. The boy was obviously very upset and Brady began to feel sorry for him. He told Jenkins that they should give up the scheme. He pointed out that Al knew all of their plans and location and might try to claim a reward and turn them in. Although Jenkins assured Brady that Al would not betray them, Brady decided to leave anyway. In the middle of the night, he hiked to the main road and walked back to the nearest town. In town, he left an anonymous note at the local police station tipping them off about the location of the kidnapped boy. The note soon led to the boy’s safe return. Putting aside conspiracy charges, can Al be found responsible for the kidnapping as a party to the crime? (A) No. Al withdrew before the crime was ever committed. (B) No. Al never involved himself in the crime. (C) Yes. Al never effectively withdrew from the enterprise. (D) Yes. Once engaged in the enterprise, Al could not withdraw without any liability