Posted: May 11th, 2015

major essay/ Causation of Murders in Communities

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Causation of Murders in Communities

Causation of Murders in Communities
Proposed Thesis:
The causation for murders is as a result of complex interplay of societal and individual issues that encompasses political, social and biological factors.
Draft Introduction
Understanding causation of murders calls for the examination of every individual case to aces the history of the suspect so as to best understand some of the key motivating factors that led to it. In some cases, the murders may take the form of discrete killings or in some cases, mass public spectacles. Key to note is the guiding principle that the nature of the murder is often tied in closely with the reasons behind it. Regardless of the community in question, murders are often received with appalling reaction from the general public. With the increase in the consumption of drugs and alcohol, the UNODC has noted that societies ought to brace themselves for more of the same. For the sake of legal clarity, the ensuing research defines murders as the unjustifiable or inexcusable taking of another’s life. As such, going by this unlawful death definition, a 2013 UNODC research revealed the murder rates in the Americas to be the highest at 16.3 per annum followed by Africa at 12.5 with the least being recorded in Asia at 2.9; global average is placed at 6.2. It then begs the question, why do murders occur in communities. The research seeks to investigate the following seven preliminary causations.
Points for Argument
1. Desensitization towards killings
• Communities are increasingly exposing themselves to violent images through video games, films and TV shows that somewhat appear to normalize is not inculcate ideas. Such is the issue covered by Carter (2012) who connects this argument to the laxity in gun control.
• Cultural practices appear to normalize the occurrence of killings such as the music through hip hop culture (Cundiff, 2013).
2. Spread of extreme ideologies
• Violent extremism uses violent killings as its principle tool for airing its grievances as seen in acts of IS, Al Shabab and Al Qaeda. In some cases, it has been the source for ethnic cleansing as was the case in Kosovo and Rwanda (Fuji, 2011).
• The poor misunderstanding of race in society has increased racial supremacy battles that result in senseless killings.
3. Consumption of alcohol and drugs
• Consumption of the above often leaves one to have a higher propensity to commit violent acts that often lead to murder (Wieczorek, Welte & Abel, 1990).
• Consumption increases impulsiveness and reduces common sense.
• It reduces clarity of mind that leads to accidental killings (man slaughter).
4. Relaxed gun control
• Legislation on gun control are too relaxed making acquisition of the tool necessary to kill easy to acquire (Carter, 2012).
• Legally licensed gun carriers parade with a “shoot first” mentality when in precarious situations.
5. Power play
• Political battles can result in assassinations in certain communities (Gaughan, 2010).
• Family wrangles of resources such as inheritance leads to murders.
• Supremacy battles in ganglands result in killings with a view of reducing competition.
6. Outcome of violent crime
• Murder is seen as the ultimate tool to prevent repercussions in crimes such as rape.
• Unexplained killings through serial killers falls under this category.
• Murder often results as the unwarranted outcomes of criminal episodes such as carjacking and armed robbery.
7. Human psychology
• Depression has been known to be a cause for one’s action towards those close.
• Disenchantment with society leads to senseless killings as an act of paying back to society. Such was the case with Anders Breivik who killed 8 people in the 2011 Norway attacks over his disenchantment with the spread of Islam in Europe (Rayment, 2011).
• Revenge killings are common in society as one sees it as the key path to redemption.

Bibliography
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2014). Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Contexts, Data. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
Boles S & Miotto K. (2003). Substance abuse and violence: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8(2), 155-174.
Carter, G. (2012). Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law, Volume 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
Cundiff, G. (2013). The Influence of Rap and Hip-Hop Music: An Analysis on Audience Perceptions of Misogynistic Lyrics. Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 4(1), 1-4.
Fuji, L. (2011). Killing Neighbors: Webs of Violence in Rwanda. New York: Cornell University Press.
Gaughan, J. (2010). Murder Was Not a Crime: Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Rayment, S. (2011, July 25). Modest boy who became a mass murderer. Retrieved April 10, 2015, from The Sydney Morning Herald: http://www.smh.com.au/national/modest-boy-who-became-a-mass-murderer-20110724-1hvh0.html
Wieczorek, Welte & Abel. (1990). Alcohol, drugs and murder: A study of convicted homicide offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 18(3), 217-227.

The research essay is the major piece of work for the semester and marks the student’s debut as a junior criminologist. Each student will select one particular type of criminal offence (e.g. assault, car theft, financial fraud) and choose whichever criminology theory studied in the semester that can best explain it. The research essay requires students to conduct research about the chosen theory and offence using different academic sources, and analyse this research to explain the causes of crime.

What to do:
1) Pick a single offence type that you are interested in researching in depth (e.g. murder, car theft, fraud, etc.)

2) Conduct research about your offence type, specifically looking at ideas/theories concerning why the crime occurs (causation) with regard to a particular criminology theory that we have covered during the semester (e.g. strain theory, biological determinism).

3) Select the theory that you think best explains why/how this offence occurs.

4) In your essay, you are required to explain the links between your chosen offence and the crime causation theory that you have selected. Outline the reasons why you think that this is the best explanatory model.

5) To strengthen your analysis, compare the best theory you have chosen with two other theories and discuss why it is the superior approach in explaining your offence. For example, you may decide that strain theory is a better explanatory model in accounting for car theft than labelling theory. Outline the reasons that you think this – do not simply tell the reader which is better – you must explain whyas well.

6) In your conclusion, suggest one potential policy response that may help reduce/address the crime that you have researched. This suggestion should be broadly consistent with your theoretical analysis. For example, if you have chosen serial murder and explained it with reference to biological determinism, you may suggest compulsory psychological screening for young offenders convicted of a violent offence.

Things to keep in mind:
• Take the time to plan properly.A 2000 word essay is a substantial piece of writing but, once you break it up into components pieces, it is less space than you might think. Paragraphs should generally be around 150 words, meaning that 13-14 paragraphs will make up the whole essay.

• Back up your claims with research. This means not only making a claim and but also supporting that claim with evidence (i.e. references to scholarly sources). Good essays are well supported by research. Aim to include 2-3 references in each paragraph in the body of your essay.

• Start writing early. A 2000 word essay takes time to put together and you may find that your approach changes as you conduct your research.

• Use appropriate sources, particularly peer-reviewed articles and books. You may use other sources to provide supporting information (e.g. the ABS or BOCSAR sites for crime statistics). Include at least 8 references in your research essay. This is a minimum requirement – higher grades will likely have more than this.

• Do not use non-scholarly sources, e.g. random websites, Wikipedia, etc. Also remember that this is a research essay – we want to see how well you can find your own information. This means we want to see referencing beyond the resources that we have given to you (i.e. your course textbook and required readings).

• Reference properly. The required referencing style is SAGE Harvard, the same as for your annotated bibliography. Check out the link below if you are unsure how to reference properly. Remember that material that is not referenced properly may breach your responsibilities regarding academic honesty. Check out the link below for more advice, and discuss any problems with your tutor. The library also runs courses on referencing if you would like more detailed advice.

• Discuss your essay plan and any potential problematic issues with your tutor. They can provide you with specific advice about your chosen topic and theory, and advise you on the best approaches to take.