Posted: December 10th, 2014

Motivating Canadian Construction Workers in Residential Areas

Motivating Canadian Construction Workers in Residential Areas

PROPOSAL COMPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Project Work Plan and Deliverables – This section should describe time allotted to each portion of your project (e.g., week by week, or stage by stage), with as much

detail as possible. It should provide a brief explanation of research activities and timetable for your entire project and the major milestones or deliverables at each

stage. Any resources, facilities, or budget should be listed here as well.
This section should be about 2 pages in length.

Use passive voice if:

1.    The actor is unknown:
The cave paintings of Lascaux were made in the Upper Old Stone Age. (We do not know who made them.)

2.    The actor is irrelevant:
An experimental solar power plant will be built in the Australian desert. (We are not interested in who is building it.)

3.    You are talking about a general truth:
Rules are made to be broken. (By whomever, whenever.)

4.    You want to emphasize the person or thing acted on.
For example, it may be your main topic: Insulin was first discovered in 1921 by researchers at the University of Toronto. It is still the only treatment available for

diabetes.

Use active voice instead of passive voice when:

1.    Passive voice creates vagueness:
Both Othello and Iago desire Desdemona. She is courted. (Hamlet)
(Who courts Desdemona? Othello? Iago? Both of them?)

2.    Too many passive sentences can create confusion:
Research has been done to discredit this theory.
(Who did the research? You? Your professor? Another author?)

3.    Passive voice hides holes in the research:
The telephone was invented in the nineteenth century.
(I could not find out who invented the telephone!)

Passive sentences often sound wordy and indirect, and they are usually longer than active sentences:

Since the car was being driven by Michael at the time of the accident, the damages should be paid for by him.
(Michael drove the car at the time of the accident therefore, he should pay for the damages.)

WRITING STYLE TO AVOID

You will find hereafter, in alphabetical order, a list of the most common style weaknesses to avoid:

Avoid anthropomorphisms (attributing human characteristics to non-human or inanimate objects). Consider that papers cannot do anything – only the writer can.
Unfortunately, anthropomorphisms are still “common” in some academic circles.

Avoid “all of”; unnecessary wording. Remove “all of” or use “all”

Avoid “and then”; this is redundant, since “and” and “then” in this application have essentially the same meaning; one is either the same as the other or contained in

it; eliminate the first with no change in meaning. Use one or the other.

Avoid “and/or”; this is “legalese” and inappropriate in academic writing; remove the slash and write it out.

Avoid “importantly”; the extra syllable in important”ly” lends no additional weight and is rarely correct–the word is seldom adverbial in intention. Write simply

“important” instead.

Avoid “in the future”; “the” is redundant. Consider “in future” instead.

Avoid “It”; “It” must refer to a specific word in the sentence or the reader can become confused by the vague pronoun reference.

Examples –
Incorrect: It demonstrated his recent achievement. (This usage is incorrect because “it” does not refer to a specific element in the sentence.)

Correct: When Victoria received her diploma, she put it in a frame. (“It” clearly refers to the diploma.)

Avoid “speed up”; “expedite” or “accelerate” may be more appropriate in academic writing.

Avoid beginning sentences with “also”; they tend to make your writing inelegant.

Avoid expressions such as “more and more”; redundancy, consider “more” or “often.”

Avoid redundancies such as “period of time”; consider either “period” or “time.”

Avoid the use of “actually”; this is a weak word. It means “in point of fact.” Usually it can be deleted with no change in meaning

Avoid the use of “utilize”; this is an over-used word and has become a cliché. Use it only to mean, “make good use of,” as in “Many teachers utilize computers for

instruction.” For all other cases, prefer “use.”

Avoid the word “great”; this word is informal for academic writing.

Avoid usage of expletive constructions of the form -“there is,” “there are,” “there was,” “there were,” “it is,” or “it was” since those phrases mean nothing. Unless

“there” or “it” is a place or a thing, the composition will be more concise if rewritten to eliminate such phrases.

Avoid using “a lot”; consider using “great deal” or “great many” instead

Avoid using “and also”; these two words are redundant (one is either the same as the other or contained in it); eliminate the first with no change in meaning.

Avoid using “etc”; this is a Latin abbreviation meaning “and the rest.” To eliminate redundancy, eliminate repetitive words. Try introducing the series with “such as”

instead.

Avoid using “I,” “we,” and “you” in academic and professional writing. When you use personal pronouns that are not necessary, you focus attention on yourself, rather

than your ideas. You want your ideas to come across as factual and authoritative, not personal.

Except within a direct quote, rewrite with third-person pronouns (he, she, it, they).

Avoid word repetitions like “more and more” or “faster and faster.” Consider using one word instead.

Beware of overusing “incredible” (it means “unbelievable”)

Beware of using an exclamation point “!”

Overused, exclamation points will fail to impress readers, and they may make the writing appear overemphatic.

Check for pronoun agreement. For example, if the antecedent (any) is singular, the pronoun (their) must be singular {his or her}.

Do not use an ampersand “&” except in citations and on the sources page.

Eliminate contractions in academic writing. (e.g., isn’t for is not)

Express numbers higher than nine in numerals.

Remember: people and animals with names are never “that” they are “who”

“Dangers of being [-If not a noun (as in “human being”), the word “Being” is hard to imagine; it means “existing.” Try to rewrite this without using “being”–with

action words like “attending,” “working,” “living,” “experiencing,” simply “as”–or even removing “being” completely] too heavily focused on technology”
A government, a party, a company and a partnership are all “it” and take a singular verb.
Clearer writing suggestion–“having” as a transitive verb is vague. Reconsider the sentence, as in “possessing,” “acquiring,” “developing,” etc. Often simply delete

“having” with no loss in understanding.
Check word choice: “such as” refers to things that are exactly what you are discussing; “like” means something similar to what you are discussing.
Check pronoun agreement.
Avoid “due to,” try “because” or “because of”
“Things” is a wording gimmick to avoid further description. Too vague.
Avoid predicting the future. How do you know?
Wikipedia is not an authoritative source–it is a compilation of information submitted by Internet users (who may not be correct).
“Findings” as a noun most often means legal decisions or small jewelry elements, e.g., necklace links or pin-backs for brooches. Use “discoveries” or “results”
Do not leave spaces around a slash mark

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