Posted: June 29th, 2015

Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology

Anemia is abnormally low hemoglobin due to either low or defective hemoglobin and/or decreased RBCs.  Low hemoglobin cause a decrease of the partial pressure of oxygen in the body causing hypoxia, cyanosis, and other pathological conditions.

Question 1
Anemia is abnormally low hemoglobin due to either low or defective hemoglobin and/or decreased RBCs.  Low hemoglobin cause a decrease of the partial pressure of oxygen in the body causing hypoxia, cyanosis, and other pathological conditions.

Complete the following table below identifying the most common pathophysiological causes of anemia.
Pathological insult    Description of pathophysiological process    Example of a specific type of anemia    Description of the selected anemia
Inadequate Hematopoiesis
Hemorrhage
Hemolysis

How do the two major causes ofchronic hemorrhage listed below contribute to anemia?
Abnormal menstrual bleeding:

Intestinal bleeding:

How can an anemic patient have normal clinical values for the following laboratory tests?
Normal hematocrit:

Briefly describe an example:

Normal hemoglobin:

Briefly describe an example:

Question 2

Leukemia and lymphoma occur when good blood cells go bad (uncontrolled, neoplastic growth of blood cells – mostly blast (progenitors) cells or immune cells.

Briefly compare and contrast the following Blood CellMalignancies
Disorder    Myeloid or Lymphoid Origin    Pathophysiology:
Neoplastic cell-type, any risk-factors, and pathogenesis    Symptoms, signs, prognosis, and treatment
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
Acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL)
Chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL)
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
Multiple Myeloma

2.Identify and briefly describe a single type of blood cells. Be sure to describe the blood cell’s physiological function

The textbook and lecture notes outlines several causes of primary and secondary hypertension.  Describe how or why aging, obesity, smoking, endocrine imbalances, and renal failure contribute to hypertension.

Physiological Condition    Why does the condition contribute to hypertension?
(be sure to briefly describe the cause, pathogenesis, and briefly describe an example)
Aging    Cause
Pathogenesis
Example
Obesity    Cause
Pathogenesis
Example
Smoking    Cause
Pathogenesis
Example

Endocrine imbalances    Cause
Pathogenesis
Example
Renal Failure     Cause
Pathogenesis
Example
Dietary Influences    Cause
Pathogenesis
Example
REFERENCES:

2.  Identify a single condition, disease/disorder, or environmental factor that contributes to atherosclerosis.  Briefly describe why the factor contributes to atherosclerosis.