Posted: July 5th, 2015

Quantitative Results’ Analysis – Survey

CHAPTER X: SURVEY ANALYSIS

This chapter is dedicated to analysis of quantitative driver survey’s results; the first section of this chapter provides socio-demographic data and descriptive statistics about the drivers’ sample who completed the survey and the sample’s responses. Further on, cross-tabulation analysis is performed for a more in-depth description of the sample and prevalence of certain attitudes and driving behaviours in certain groups. Next, statistical tests such as correlation and ANOVA are performed with the dataset according to a set of characteristics to identify trends and differences between various categories of drivers in their behaviours and driving competences. The final section of this chapter presents the factor analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) for driver behaviours and attitudes to reveal the factor loadings for certain items.

 

Descriptive and Socio-Demographic Statistics of the Study Sample

Filled in questionnaires were received from 185 respondents, but due to some incomplete answers, only 177 surveys were considered valid for the inclusion in this sample. Table 1 shows the basic socio-demographic data about respondents – see Appendix 1. As it comes from Appendix 1, the majority of respondents reported being between 25 and 34 years old (78 respondents), and 62 other respondents represented the age category of 35-39 years old – thus, they constituted the largest part of the study sample. As for the years of driving experience reported by respondents, it was overwhelmingly reported to be over 10 years, with 130 respondents reporting possessing it. Only seven respondents stated that they had no driving experience, 15 persons indicated a short driving experiencing ranging from 0 to 3 years, and 15 persons stated that they had from 4 to 10 years of driving experience.

The level of education reported by the respondents was also predominantly high, with 72 respondents claiming that they have a complete high school diploma, and 50 respondents indicating the possession of a Bachelor’s degree. Other 35 respondents stated that they possessed a College degree diploma, while only six persons indicated having a higher educational degree. As for the region of residence, the overwhelming majority of respondents came from Riyadh (64 persons) and Taif (58 persons), while only three respondents indicated that they resided in Jeddah; such difference may be justified by the fact that Riyadh is the capital city with larger quantity of population and obviously a larger number of drivers. Besides these three key regions in which research was held, the respondents were provided with an opportunity to indicate other regions, and in the section of “other”, one respondent came from Al-Dawadmi, 36 persons indicated that they resided in Alqunfozah, five respondents came from Makkah, one respondent – from Albaha, and three respondents – from Alqoz. Four respondents did not indicate their place of residence – see Table 2. Another aspect of researcher’s interest in terms of socio-demographic data about respondents was their nationality. The results of this question may be seen in Table 2 as well. Overall, 37 persons (which is 21% of the sample) did not indicate their nationality, while the overwhelming majority (116 respondents, 65.5% of the sample) stated they were Saudi by nationality. The sample also included 10 Egyptians, four respondents from Yemen, 3 Jordanian drivers, one person from Iraq, one Bengali respondent, one Sudanese person, and four Syrians.

The final socio-demographic question related to the respondents’ proficiency in the Arabic language. While seven respondents did not give an answer to this question, only two persons stated that they did not know Arabic at all, and 19 persons claimed that their knowledge is average. Twelve respondents indicated a high level of proficiency in Arabic, and 137 persons stated that it is their native language. Hence, it comes that 77.4% of the overall study sample speaks Arabic as a native language, and only 12.4% of the sample either do not know Arabic or know it poorly.

Responses to the Driving Survey Questions

The next portion of the survey contained scalar questions that are evaluated on a 7-point Likert scale, according to the frequency of answering those questions by respondents. Those questions dealt with the identification of frequency of certain driving behaviours on a scale from 0 standing for “always” to 7 standing for “never”.

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics for Scaled Items

Scaled Items	Mode	Mean	SD
USUALLY have to swerve to avoid an oncoming vehicle when cutting the corner on a left-hand turn	1a	3.73	2.23
USUALLY exceed speed limits by more than 10 km/hour	7	3.79	2.38
People are aware of the danger associated with close following	1	3.88	2.30
Speed limits are often set too low. so many people ignore them	7	3.92	2.32
USUALLY misjudge the speed of a passing vehicle	7	4.05	2.18
NEVER wear a seatbelt	7	4.12	2.39
Become impatient with a slow driver in the outer lane and overtake on the inside	7	4.12	2.29
I do NOT know exactly how fast I can drive and still drive safely	7	4.20	2.35
Disregard the speed limits late at night or early in the morning	7	4.21	2.31
USUALLY drive while talking on the cell phone or texting	7	4.23	2.27
USUALLY miss your exit on an interstate and have to make a lengthy detour	7	4.24	2.19
Drive especially close to the car in front as a signal to the driver to go faster or get out of the way	7	4.35	2.27
USUALLY attempt to pass a vehicle intending to turn left	7	4.38	2.31
It is acceptable to take slight risks on the road when overtaking other cars	7	4.38	2.36
Overtaking does NOT reduce safety of the driver	7	4.38	2.25
USUALLY violate other general traffic rules	7	4.46	2.30
People stopped by the police for road safety violations are simply unlucky because many people do that	7	4.46	2.41
USUALLY misjudge your turning space when turning left	7	4.49	2.35
USUALLY jump the orange and red lights	7	4.51	2.23
Miss “yield” or “stop” signs	7	4.52	2.20
USUALLY try to change lanes without first checking your mirror	7	4.59	2.35
Sometimes you have to drive in excess of the speed limit to keep up with the flow of traffic	7	4.63	2.17
Speeding is rarely a cause of road accidents	7	4.64	2.49
USUALLY fail to read the signs correctly	7	4.67	2.25
Steer the wrong way into a skid	7	4.70	2.33
Brake too quickly on a slippery road	7	4.72	2.19
You fail to notice someone on the side waiting to cross in a pedestrian crossing and drive through the crosswalk	7	4.82	2.10
I am NOT aware of the risks associated with using a mobile phone when driving	7	4.85	2.26
Close following is NOT a big problem during driving	7	4.90	2.24
Using a mobile phone is NOT a problem as drivers can drive safely when using it	7	5.09	2.14
Get involved in unofficial ‘races’ with other drivers	7	5.12	2.14

 

 

As one can see from Table 1, scalar questions were organized by ascendance of means to see which questions collected lower responses on the Likert scale, and which ones accounted for higher scalar responses. Analysis of means and modes for scalar questions shows certain trends important for this particular study; for instance, the question about swerving to avoid the oncoming vehicle during cutting the corner on a left-hand turn has the lowest mean of 3.73, and a mode of 1, which means that the majority of drivers stated that drivers from this study’s sample encounter such a situation quite frequently. Another question with a mode of 1 and quite a low mean of 3.79 is about people’s awareness about dangers associated with close following, which shows that though drivers from this study’s sample confessed to violating some traffic rules, they still assume responsibility for such conscious violation as close following, and understand hazards associated with involvement in it. These findings are consonant with the research outcomes of Wishart, Davery, and Freeman (2006) conducted with a cohort of Australian drivers; the authors found out that despite a high degree and variety of self-reported violations, drivers’ attitudes towards close following and drink driving were very negative, suggesting a high level of awareness about dangers associated with such risky driving practices.

Exceeding of speed limits by more than 10 km/hour was also among the most frequently reported violations – this question had a mean of 3.79, but the mode was surprisingly 7, which means that more than a half of the sample stated that they did not exceed the speed limits. Nevertheless, the mode of 7 and the mean of 3.79 indicate that the first half of drivers then had to indicate frequent violation of the speed limits for such statistical results to emerge. Overall, speeding was reported as the most frequent violation detected both by the DAQ and the DBQ studies of many other authors; for instance, Rowe et al. (2015) conducted a longitudinal study in the UK and found speeding and racing away from traffic lights to be the most frequent self-reported violations. At the same time, Davey, Wishart, Freeman, and Watson (2007), and Wishart et al. (2006) who also found speeding to be one of the most frequently reported violations in such types of research. Though the problem of speeding may be considered universal across the globe, the Middle East region may be characterized as a territory where speeding behaviors on the road are quite typical, as suggested by research of Bener et al. (2013) conducted in Qatar. That study also showed that disregard to speed limits on the motorway is the most common self-reported violation, with Qatari being the most numerous ethnic group reporting such a violation in comparison to representatives of other ethnicities in this research. More detail about self-reported errors, attitudes, and violations may be found in Table 1.

The next portion of responses was provided for nominal items, with a summary of findings presented in Table 2.

Table 2            Descriptive Statistics for Nominal Items

%				Yes	No	Undecided
39. Do you know such road safety campaigns as Salamaty and Enough in the KSA?				39.5	50.8	3.4
41. With respect to the risky driving behaviors discussed above, do you think that any of the road safety campaigns in Saudi Arabia may have persuaded you to stop any of the risky driving behaviors you had?				57.3	34.3	7.9
44. Do you consider the length of Salamaty to be appropriate to reach its target?				41.8	48.9	9
45. Do you consider the length of Enough to be appropriate to reach its target?				44.1	45.8	10.2
46. Do you think these campaigns target the correct groups of drivers? Which ones? If no, which ones they should target?				52.2	30.7	16.5
What aspects of these road safety campaigns attract you most of all?	Content	Emotion	Groups	Duration	Improve	Other
	13.6	11.9	20.3	4	31.6	9

 

Table 3 shows that more than a half of the sample, 50.8% of respondents, did not know about road safety campaigns such as Enough and Salamaty; such high percentage of those not reached by these RSCs reveals a systematic inconsistency of Saudi RSCs’ outreach so that they do not increase public awareness because the public is ignorant about their existence. Such a low level of information provision to Saudi drivers within RSCs may be explained by evidence provided by the Arab News (2013), the Global Road Safety Partnership (2015), Nofal (2013), and other resources indicating a moderate to poor level of awareness about road safety in Saudi Arabia and unsuccessfulness of the majority of efforts to promote road safety as a part of the driving culture in the KSA (Aldalbhi, 2014). Unfortunately, Saudi road safety messages are quite inefficient so far, which causes a gap between drivers and media channels, and reduces the outreach of RSCs that are conducted in the KSA territory, which is also compliant with the findings of Aldalbhi (2014) in a similar study.

However, the low level of awareness among Saudi drivers about RSCs held in Saudi Arabia is not a critical issue, since 57.3% of drivers indicated that they would change their driving behavior if they felt the impact of RSCs. This may be explained by the fact that reckless driving behavior in the KSA is mostly of cultural nature – rapid population growth, luxurious cars, young drivers allowed to drive while being nearly kids, and other cultural specifics that exacerbate ignorance of traffic rules in the Saudi roads. As a result, individual families suffer, and many Saudis have lost family members or friends in the most frequent and craziest RTAs in the world. Therefore, the willingness of Saudi drivers to involve in a wider cultural change of driving behaviors may be explained by these conditions (Ali, 2013).

The problem of the RSCs’ low outreach is not in their inefficiency per se, but in the inefficiency of informational channels’ use by those who design and implement RSCs in Saudi Arabia. Hence, a solution to the problem of risky driving behaviors and non-responsiveness of the Saudi population to RSCs may be resolved by means of finding more effective ways of media coverage of RSCs’ messages, so that they reach every family and every individual in the KSA. These observations are compliant with the observations of Naeem (2010) about preventability of RTAs in Saudi Arabia under the condition of having sufficient data for understanding their causes, trends, and the ways of approaching drivers for a constructive behavior change.

Opinions about the propriety of campaigns’ duration split for both Salamaty and Enough campaigns, but a larger category of respondents agreed that both these RSCs target the correct groups of drivers – mostly the risk-taking young drivers. Such positive responses about group targeting may be explained by claims of Al-Seghayer (2013) and Bener and Crundall (2015) that young Saudi drivers pose the unprecedented threat in regard to road safety, since they disregard authority, frequently involve in races on the roads with other cars, and do not consider speeding a violation. This evidence also explains why over 20% of the sample praised Salamaty and Enough for targeting necessary groups, and more than 31% claimed that these campaigns are well-targeted towards improvement of driving behavior.

The duration of campaigns voiced the sharpest criticism among this study’s participants; only 4% of respondents found the duration of these RSCs attractive. Therefore, the problem of short duration comes to the fore and largely explains the low efficiency of RSCs in Saudi Arabia – they are too short and fragmented to make a strong impact on the targeted driver groups. These suggestions may be further substantiated with the opinion of Jan (2014) and Bendak (2011) who also found Saudi RSCs to be improperly timed thus ineffective.

 

Cross-tabulation Analysis

The present section of results’ discussion gives a more detailed image of segmentation of certain attitudes, errors, and violations among drivers in accordance with specific categories to which they belong, i.e., by age, ethnicity, place of residence, number of years in driving, etc. The cross-tabulation data enables the researcher to see prevalence and trends of certain behaviors by categories, which allows greater depth of analysis and making of more precise conclusions and observations on the basis of the survey data. The first point of analysis here is by age category – see Table 3.

Table 3 Cross-tabulation Data by Age

		Under 20	20-24	25-29	30-34	35-39	Over 45	Missing
Attitudes
People stopped by the police for road safety violations are simply unlucky because many people do that	0 – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 –	1 (0.6%) 0 (0%) 2 (1.1%) 1 (0.6%) 2 (1.1%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (1.1%)	1 (0.6%) 0 (0%) 1 (0.6%) 2 (1.1%) 4 (2.3%) 4 (2.3%) 1 (0.6%) 5 (2.8%)	1 (0.6%) 3 (1.7%) 1 (0.6%) 3 (1.7%) 10 (5.6%) 0 (0%) 4 (2.3%) 8 (4.5%)	2 (1.1%) 2 (1.1%) 7 (4%) 5 (2.8%) 11 (6.2%) 5 (2.8%) 3 (1.7%) 13 (7.3%)	2 (1.1%) 11 (6.2%) 9 (5.1%) 6 (3.4%) 7 (4%) 7 (4%) 6 (3.4%) 14 (7.9%)	1 (0.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (0.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)	0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (1.1%) 1 (0.6%) 2 (1.1%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (1.1%)
Speed limits are often set too low, so many people ignore them	0 – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 –
It is acceptable to take slight risks on the road when overtaking other cars	0 – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 –
Using a mobile phone is not a problem as drivers can drive safely when using it	0 – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 –
I am not aware of the risks associated with using a mobile phone when driving	0 – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 –
Close following is not a big problem during driving	0 – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 –
I do not know exactly how fast I can drive and still drive safely	0 – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 –
People are aware of the danger associated with close following	0 – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 –
Overtaking does not reduce safety of the driver	0 – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 –
Speeding is rarely a cause of road accidents	0 – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 –
Sometimes you have to drive in excess of the speed limit to keep up with the flow of traffic	0 – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 –
Errors
Miss your exit on an interstate and have to make a lengthy detour		4%
Try to change lanes without first checking the mirror
Fail to notice someone on the side waiting to cross in a pedestrian crossing and drive through the crosswalk
Misjudge the speed of a passing vehicle
Have to swerve to avoid an oncoming vehicle when cutting the corner on a left-hand turn
Fail to read the signs correctly
Attempt to pass a vehicle when cutting the corner on a left-hand turn
Misjudge your turning space when turning left
Violations
Exceed the speed limits by more than 10 km/hour
Jump the orange and red lights
Never wear a seatbelt
Drive while talking on the cell phone or texting
Violate other general traffic rules
Become impatient with a slow driver in the outer lane and overtake on the inside
Drive especially close to the car in front as a signal to the driver to go faster or get out of the way
Disregard speed limits late at night or early in the morning
Get involved in unofficial races with other drivers

 

After this table, I can provide cross-tabulation for ethnicity, years of driving experience, and other socio-demographic categories

 

Correlation Analysis

Correlations
		Your age	Years of driving experience	Level of education	Region of the KSA you live in	Nationality	Level of Arabic language proficiency
USUALLY miss your exit on an interstate and have to make a lengthy detour	Pearson Correlation	-,126*	-,083	,012	,002	-,036	,177**
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,047	,135	,438	,487	,319	,009
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
USUALLY try to change lanes without first checking your mirror	Pearson Correlation	,020	-,037	,187**	,102	,002	,229**
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,396	,311	,006	,088	,489	,001
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
You fail to notice someone on the side waiting to cross in a pedestrian crossing and drive through the crosswalk	Pearson Correlation	-,099	-,119	,041	,079	-,058	,168*
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,095	,058	,294	,149	,223	,013
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
USUALLY misjudge the speed of a passing vehicle	Pearson Correlation	-,054	-,003	,110	,096	-,052	,154*
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,236	,485	,072	,103	,247	,020
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
USUALLY have to swerve to avoid an oncoming vehicle when cutting the corner on a left-hand turn	Pearson Correlation	,063	-,127*	,158*	,135*	,003	-,018
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,201	,046	,018	,036	,486	,406
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
USUALLY fail to read the signs correctly	Pearson Correlation	,015	-,113	,132*	,155*	-,070	,189**
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,421	,066	,039	,020	,178	,006
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
USUALLY attempt to pass a vehicle intending to turn left	Pearson Correlation	,051	,051	,113	,121	-,128*	,136*
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,248	,250	,067	,055	,045	,036
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
USUALLY misjudge your turning space when turning left	Pearson Correlation	,049	,034	,184**	,167*	-,014	,086
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,258	,327	,007	,013	,429	,128
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
USUALLY exceed speed limits by more than 10 km/hour	Pearson Correlation	,027	,032	,142*	,079	-,064	,079
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,361	,338	,030	,149	,198	,147
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
USUALLY jump the orange and red lights	Pearson Correlation	-,004	-,187**	,146*	,031	-,064	,079
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,479	,006	,026	,341	,200	,149
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
NEVER wear a seatbelt	Pearson Correlation	-,157*	-,059	,111	,014	-,040	-,034
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,019	,218	,070	,428	,299	,329
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
USUALLY drive while talking on the cell phone or texting	Pearson Correlation	-,004	-,100	,071	,010	-,018	,083
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,481	,092	,174	,448	,405	,135
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
USUALLY violate other general traffic rules	Pearson Correlation	,011	-,134*	,068	,146*	-,233**	,084
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,441	,038	,185	,027	,001	,133
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
People stopped by the police for road safety violations are simply unlucky because many people do that	Pearson Correlation	,008	-,058	,093	,170*	-,193**	,136*
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,457	,220	,110	,012	,005	,035
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
Speed limits are often set too low, so many people ignore them	Pearson Correlation	,175*	,034	,112	,175*	-,152*	,000
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,010	,328	,069	,010	,022	,499
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
It is acceptable to take slight risks on the road when overtaking other cars	Pearson Correlation	,089	-,123	,176**	,166*	-,159*	,177**
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,119	,052	,010	,014	,017	,009
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
Using a mobile phone is NOT a problem as drivers can drive safely when using it	Pearson Correlation	,077	-,049	,175*	,211**	-,184**	,138*
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,153	,257	,010	,002	,007	,034
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
I am NOT aware of the risks associated with using a mobile phone when driving	Pearson Correlation	-,032	-,064	,113	,182**	-,171*	,195**
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,335	,197	,067	,008	,011	,005
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
Close following is NOT a big problem during driving	Pearson Correlation	,050	,019	,096	,124*	-,187**	,114
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,255	,403	,101	,050	,006	,065
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
I do NOT know exactly how fast I can drive and still drive safely	Pearson Correlation	,064	,078	,031	,072	-,165*	,111
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,199	,150	,343	,172	,014	,070
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
People are aware of the danger associated with close following	Pearson Correlation	,042	,012	,011	,042	-,188**	,128*
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,290	,437	,441	,291	,006	,045
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
Overtaking does NOT reduce safety of the driver	Pearson Correlation	,020	,039	,178**	,163*	-,159*	,093
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,395	,304	,009	,015	,017	,110
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
Speeding is rarely a cause of road accidents	Pearson Correlation	-,144*	-,152*	,170*	,039	-,074	,195**
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,028	,021	,012	,305	,165	,005
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
Sometimes you have to drive in excess of the speed limit to keep up with the flow of traffic	Pearson Correlation	,009	-,004	-,001	,049	-,246**	,101
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,451	,479	,494	,257	,000	,090
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
Become impatient with a slow driver in the outer lane and overtake on the inside	Pearson Correlation	,078	,155*	,101	,221**	-,169*	,056
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,150	,020	,090	,002	,012	,229
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
Drive especially close to the car in front as a signal to the driver to go faster or get out of the way	Pearson Correlation	-,137*	-,027	-,044	,033	-,212**	,067
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,034	,360	,279	,331	,002	,188
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
Disregard the speed limits late at night or early in the morning	Pearson Correlation	,039	,115	,094	,134*	-,144*	,021
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,302	,064	,106	,038	,028	,389
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
Get involved in unofficial ‘races’ with other drivers	Pearson Correlation	,022	-,048	,093	,057	-,190**	,175**
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,386	,265	,108	,226	,006	,010
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
Miss “yield” or “stop” signs	Pearson Correlation	-,077	-,059	,161*	,020	-,154*	,154*
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,155	,219	,016	,398	,021	,020
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
Brake too quickly on a slippery road	Pearson Correlation	-,033	,022	,030	,101	-,210**	,119
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,330	,385	,345	,091	,002	,058
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177
Steer the wrong way into a skid	Pearson Correlation	-,037	-,111	,121	,005	-,130*	,024
	Sig. (1-tailed)	,313	,070	,054	,474	,042	,376
	N	177	177	177	177	177	177

 

After we decide on this issue, I will be able to discuss the table as well.

 

 

 

ANOVA Analysis

Here, it is necessary to do tests only by each category, so this is what I have:

 

ANOVA
		Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
USUALLY miss your exit on an interstate and have to make a lengthy detour	Between Groups	29,298	6	4,883	1,016	,417
	Within Groups	817,256	170	4,807
	Total	846,554	176
USUALLY try to change lanes without first checking your mirror	Between Groups	36,872	6	6,145	1,114	,356
	Within Groups	938,020	170	5,518
	Total	974,893	176
You fail to notice someone on the side waiting to cross in a pedestrian crossing and drive through the crosswalk	Between Groups	22,465	6	3,744	,843	,538
	Within Groups	755,106	170	4,442
	Total	777,571	176
USUALLY misjudge the speed of a passing vehicle	Between Groups	20,198	6	3,366	,699	,651
	Within Groups	818,345	170	4,814
	Total	838,542	176
USUALLY have to swerve to avoid an oncoming vehicle when cutting the corner on a left-hand turn	Between Groups	29,325	6	4,887	,985	,437
	Within Groups	843,658	170	4,963
	Total	872,983	176
USUALLY fail to read the signs correctly	Between Groups	23,390	6	3,898	,767	,597
	Within Groups	863,604	170	5,080
	Total	886,994	176
USUALLY attempt to pass a vehicle intending to turn left	Between Groups	62,493	6	10,416	2,019	,066
	Within Groups	877,145	170	5,160
	Total	939,638	176
USUALLY misjudge your turning space when turning left	Between Groups	24,317	6	4,053	,730	,626
	Within Groups	943,897	170	5,552
	Total	968,215	176
USUALLY exceed speed limits by more than 10 km/hour	Between Groups	40,916	6	6,819	1,212	,302
	Within Groups	956,349	170	5,626
	Total	997,266	176
USUALLY jump the orange and red lights	Between Groups	23,853	6	3,975	,793	,577
	Within Groups	852,362	170	5,014
	Total	876,215	176
NEVER wear a seatbelt	Between Groups	41,547	6	6,925	1,224	,296
	Within Groups	961,718	170	5,657
	Total	1003,266	176
USUALLY drive while talking on the cell phone or texting	Between Groups	25,220	6	4,203	,810	,564
	Within Groups	882,283	170	5,190
	Total	907,503	176
USUALLY violate other general traffic rules	Between Groups	20,592	6	3,432	,639	,699
	Within Groups	913,340	170	5,373
	Total	933,932	176
People stopped by the police for road safety violations are simply unlucky because many people do that	Between Groups	19,259	6	3,210	,544	,774
	Within Groups	1002,752	170	5,899
	Total	1022,011	176
Speed limits are often set too low, so many people ignore them	Between Groups	58,441	6	9,740	1,872	,088
	Within Groups	884,452	170	5,203
	Total	942,893	176
It is acceptable to take slight risks on the road when overtaking other cars	Between Groups	38,382	6	6,397	1,150	,336
	Within Groups	945,494	170	5,562
	Total	983,876	176
Using a mobile phone is NOT a problem as drivers can drive safely when using it	Between Groups	43,192	6	7,199	1,599	,150
	Within Groups	765,362	170	4,502
	Total	808,554	176
I am NOT aware of the risks associated with using a mobile phone when driving	Between Groups	49,175	6	8,196	1,640	,139
	Within Groups	849,706	170	4,998
	Total	898,881	176
Close following is NOT a big problem during driving	Between Groups	43,714	6	7,286	1,477	,189
	Within Groups	838,456	170	4,932
	Total	882,169	176
I do NOT know exactly how fast I can drive and still drive safely	Between Groups	25,919	6	4,320	,776	,590
	Within Groups	946,160	170	5,566
	Total	972,079	176
People are aware of the danger associated with close following	Between Groups	45,999	6	7,666	1,477	,189
	Within Groups	882,510	170	5,191
	Total	928,508	176
Overtaking does NOT reduce safety of the driver	Between Groups	54,600	6	9,100	1,857	,091
	Within Groups	833,276	170	4,902
	Total	887,876	176
Speeding is rarely a cause of road accidents	Between Groups	53,613	6	8,935	1,464	,193
	Within Groups	1037,246	170	6,101
	Total	1090,859	176
Sometimes you have to drive in excess of the speed limit to keep up with the flow of traffic	Between Groups	54,682	6	9,114	2,000	,068
	Within Groups	774,707	170	4,557
	Total	829,390	176
Become impatient with a slow driver in the outer lane and overtake on the inside	Between Groups	43,506	6	7,251	1,399	,218
	Within Groups	881,003	170	5,182
	Total	924,508	176
Drive especially close to the car in front as a signal to the driver to go faster or get out of the way	Between Groups	40,699	6	6,783	1,326	,248
	Within Groups	869,584	170	5,115
	Total	910,282	176
Disregard the speed limits late at night or early in the morning	Between Groups	33,608	6	5,601	1,048	,396
	Within Groups	908,234	170	5,343
	Total	941,842	176
Get involved in unofficial ‘races’ with other drivers	Between Groups	46,669	6	7,778	1,738	,115
	Within Groups	760,596	170	4,474
	Total	807,266	176
Miss “yield” or “stop” signs	Between Groups	26,999	6	4,500	,925	,479
	Within Groups	827,182	170	4,866
	Total	854,181	176
Brake too quickly on a slippery road	Between Groups	31,659	6	5,277	1,102	,363
	Within Groups	813,776	170	4,787
	Total	845,435	176
Steer the wrong way into a skid	Between Groups	60,391	6	10,065	1,921	,080
	Within Groups	890,739	170	5,240
	Total	951,130	176

 

 

Similar tables are for ethnicity, years of driving experience, etc.

 

Factor Analysis/ Principal Component Analysis

Here, I am planning to conduct factor analysis – I am not yet sure what it will yield, but I need approval, whether I should make it, since it is quite time-consuming to make it.

 

 

 

References

Al-Seghayer, K. (2013, March 12). Carnage on Saudi Arabia’s roads. Saudi Gazette. Retrieved from http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20130312156489

Aldalbhi, F. M. (2014). A comparative study of producers’ perspectives in the formation of road safety campaigns in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and Australia. Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of the Arts, English and Media, University of Wollongong, 2014. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4069.

Ali, S. H. (2013, Nov. 10). Driving change in Saudi Arabia. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/saleem-h-ali/driving-change-in-saudi-a_b_4082211.html

Arab News (2013, June 22). Brisgestone runs road safety campaign. Arab News. Retrieved from http://www.arabnews.com/news/455783?page=1&quicktabs_stat2=0

Bendak, S. (2011). An in-depth analysis of red light crossing problem in Saudi Arabia. Advances in Transportation Studies, 11, 67-75.

Bener, A., & Crundall, D. (2015). Risk taking behavior in road traffic accidents and fatalities. ResearchGate. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254770086_RISK_TAKING_BEHAVIOUR_IN_ROAD_TRAFFIC_ACCIDENTS_AND_FATALITIES

Bener, A., Verjee, M., Dafeaah, E., Tahir, M., Mari, S., & Hassib, A. (2013). A cross “ethnical” comparison of the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) in an economically fast developing country. Global Journal of Health Science, 5(4), 165-175.

Davey, J., Wishart, D., Freeman, J., & Watson, B. (2007). An application of the Driver Behavior Questionnaire in an Australian organizational fleet setting. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behavior, 10(1), 11-21.

Global Road Safety Partnership (2015). Saudi Arabia. Retrieved from http://www.grsproadsafety.org/content/saudi-arabia

Helman, S., Ward, H. A., Christie, N., & McKenna, F. P. (2011). Using behavioral measures to evaluate route safety schemes: detailed guidance for practitioners. Transport Research Laboratory. Retrieved from https://www.roadsafetyevaluation.com/evaluationguides/documents/ADEPTHELMANETALMAINREPORT2011.pdf

Jan, Y. (2014). Drivers’ perception of Saher traffic monitoring system in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 1438. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1438

Li, J., van Zuylen, H., & van der Horst, E. (22014). The Driver Behavior Questionnaire: An investigation study applied to Chinese drivers. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 262, 433-447.

Naeem, Z. (2010). Road traffic injuries – changing trend? International Journal of Health Sciences, 4(2), v-viii.

Nofal, E. M. (2013). Utilization of social media for raising required awareness of human factors affecting traffic safety. Conference Paper from the Second Forum “Traffic Safety: National Partnership and Corporate Social Responsibility”. Dammam, KSA. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/258510189_Utilization_of_Social_Media_for_Raising_Required_Awareness_of_Human_Factors_Affecting_Traffic_Safety

Rowe, R., Roman, G. D., McKenna, F. P., Barker, E., & Poulter, D. (2015). Measuring errors and violations on the road: A bifactor modeling approach to the Driver Behavior Questionnaire. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 74, 118-125.

Wahlberg, A. E., Dorn, L., & Kline, T. (2011). The Manchester Driver Behavior Questionnaire as a predictor of road traffic accidents. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 12(1), 66-86.

Wishart, D., Davey, J., & Freeman, J. (2006). An application of the driver attitude questionnaire to examine driving behaviors within an Australian organizational fleet setting. Proceedings of Road Safety Research, Policing, and Education Conference, Gold Coast, Queensland. Retrieved from http://eprints.qut.edu.au/5958/1/5958_1.pdf

 

 

Appendices

Appendix 1     Socio-Demographic Data of Respondents

 

	Category	Number	Percentage
Age	Under 20 years old 20-24 years old 25-29 years old 30-34 years old 35 – 39 years old Over 45 years old Missing	10 18 30 48 62 2 7	5.6% 10.2% 16.9% 27.1% 35% 1.1% 4%
Years of driving experience	0-3 years 4-7 years 8-10 years Over 10 years Missing	15 14 11 139 7	8.4% 7.9% 6.2% 73% 3.9%
Level of education	Some high school education High school graduate College degree Bachelor’s degree Higher degree	12 74 35 50 6	6.7% 41.6% 19.7% 28.1% 3.4%
Region of the KSA you live in	Riyadh Jeddah Taif Al-dawadmi Alqunfozah Makkah Albaha Alqoz Al-Madina Missing	64 3 58 1 36 5 1 3 2 4	36% 1.7% 32.6% 0.6% 20.2% 2.8% 0.6% 1.7% 1.1% 2.2%
Nationality	Saudi Egyptian Yemen Jordanian Iraq Syrian Bengali Sudanese Missing	116 10 4 3 1 4 1 1 38	65.2% 5.6% 2.2% 1.7% 0.6% 2.2% 0.6% 0.6% 21.4%