Posted: August 16th, 2017

During which step of cellular carcinogenesis do cellular changes exhibit increased malignant behavior?

During which step of cellular carcinogenesis do cellular changes exhibit increased malignant behavior?
a) Progression
During this third step, cells show a propensity to invade adjacent tissues and metastasize.
b) Promotion
During promotion, repeated exposure to promoting agents causes the expression of abnormal genetic information even after long latency periods.
c) Initiation
During this first step, initiators such as chemicals, physical factors, and biologic agents escape normal enzymatic mechanisms and alter the genetic structure of cellular DNA.
d) Prolongation
No stage of cellular carcinogenesis is termed prolongation.