Posted: December 17th, 2014

The elements that are crucial to your resultant/written paper should be:

The elements that are crucial to your resultant/written paper should be:

•    genre:  how does the type of literature impact meaning?  [weave into discussion where pertinent]
•    context/structure:  how does this passage fit within the broader literary context?  What is the passage’s structure?
•    validation:  what are the pros/cons for choosing between competing interpretive options?
•    word studies and biblical theology:  what key terms within the passage would be helpful to understand better (semantic fields, concrete illustrations of

abstract theological terms, etc.)?  What biblical themes/theology are worth developing that shed light on this passage?
•    application:  how does this passage impact/intersect with our lives (logical and theological development)?

Exegetical Paper Guidelines

Study the biblical text according to the following areas of exploration outlined below. When you write up the exegetical paper, you are presenting the conclusions

arrived at during the interpretive process of studying the biblical text. The paper should be written in such a way that it integrates all that you have learned in the

interpretive process.  [CLARIFICATION:  THIS MEANS YOU ENGAGE ALL OF THE BELOW TO THE DEGREE POSSIBLE.  HOWEVER, DO NOT WRITE THE EXEGETICAL PAPER WITH THESE STEPS.

PRIMARILY INCLUDE IN THE WRITTEN PAPER THE FIVE CRUCIAL ELEMENTS ABOVE.]

Craig C. Broyles writes: “We should not proceed through these exegetical steps in a linear fashion (i.e., attempting to finish a step before moving to the next) but in

a spiral fashion (i.e. revisiting and revising earlier steps once discoveries have surfaced).”

Take time to meditate on the passage as part of the process. In a prayerful manner, read the text over and over again (perhaps aloud to yourself) emphasizing different

words and phrases in the process of reading.

1. Introduction

Begin the paper with an introduction stating which biblical passage will be analyzed. Then include the following components:

2. Authorship, Date, Occasion and Purpose

A.    Begin by discussing the question of authorship and date of the larger unit (i.e. the book) in which the text is found. What, if anything, can be determined

about the date and authorship of the passage? Do we know anything about the original author or redactors/editors or about the original audience?

B.    The Occasion and Purpose of the Book
What do we know about the occasion which led to the writing of the book and the passage in question? What is the overall purpose for the book?

C.    The place of the text to be studied in the broader flow of the book?
Describe the literary context of the passage. This involves analyzing the place of the passage within the chapter, within the section of the biblical book, and within

the book as a whole (the immediate context and the larger contexts). In other words, how does the passage relate to what precedes and follows it and within the

document as a whole? Is the text part of a larger narrative/story? Is the topic addressed in the passage found elsewhere in the book? What is the significance of the

position or placement of the passage within the larger context? How does the larger context shed light on the passage?

3. Textual Matters and Translation

The initial step in the study of a passage is to establish as much as possible the “original” text. This step involves using the method of textual criticism in order

to determine the text’s wording. Discuss any textual variants or problems in the passage seen in the ancient manuscripts (e.g. Hebrew Masoretic Text (MT), Greek

Septuagint (LXX), Aramaic Targums, Greek versions of the New Testament, etc). (Here you need to consult critical commentaries which have notes on the Hebrew, Aramaic

and Greek and discuss textual variants.) If there are differences in wording between the ancient manuscripts of the Bible regarding this text, please mention these (at

the least major ones). If there are no textual problems apparent, simply say so and move on. However, if there are, what interpretive problems are raised by these and

what solutions seem the most appropriate. Which reading will you adopt? Which English translation forms the basis of your exegesis?

4. Genre and Structure

Identify the genre or literary form (e.g. whether it is narrative, poetry, epistle, prophecy, etc), and then outline the structure of the passage. Outlining the

structure involves dividing the passage into sections and adding a heading or title for each section. Include the verses for each section.

An Example of the Structure of Ezekiel 34:1–31: The Salvation of Yahweh’s Flock

A.    Preamble and the Announcement of Deliverance (34:1–10)
1.    The Indictment of the Shepherds of Israel (34:1–6)
2.    The Sentencing of the Shepherds of Israel (34:7–10)
B.    The Nature of the Deliverance (34:11–22)
1.    Deliverance from External Threats (34:11–16)
2.    Deliverance from Internal Threats (34:17–22)
C.    The Goal of Deliverance: Yahweh’s Covenant of Peace (34:23–31)
1.    The Human Agent of Peace (34:23–24)
2.    The Nature of the Peace (34:25–30)
3.    Epilogue: The Significance of Peace (34:31)

5. Historical Context

Describe the historical, cultural, social context or background of the biblical text under consideration. What is the Sitz im Leben, Life Setting? Are there clues in

the passage itself? Give support for your answers from the biblical text and any secondary sources.

6. Exegetical Analysis of the Text

In this section discuss the results of your in-depth close reading of the text. Go through the whole passage, verse by verse, making observations about each verse and

explaining its significance. Study the key words of the passage. Are the key words or phrases repeated in the passage? What is the meaning or nuance of certain words

(you may need to do a word study, although this is optional). Assess their meaning in light of the topic of the passage, the author’s use of them elsewhere, and the

historical situation and the theological issues at stake. Discuss the flow and development of the narrative or the main argument(s). You may consider looking at any

grammatical or syntactical features, like main and subordinate clauses, connective terms, modifiers (adjectives and adverbs), etc. Discuss any similes, metaphors,

figures of speech. Why are they chosen? What do they contribute to the author’s purpose in light of the situation/problems being addressed? What emotional impact might

they have on the readers?

7. Main Themes and Theological Message

Discuss the main themes in the passage as well as the theology that is emphasized in the text. In this section you are synthesizing the results of your study, looking

at the message of the passage as a whole.
Some questions to consider: What specific aspect of the biblical conception of the Person of God, God’s purposes in the world, the Divine-Human relationship, is this

passage discussing? What are the main themes or sub-themes in the passage? What is the main overall message? Is there a main argument? What is its purpose? Are there

certain theological traditions or themes alluded to in the passage (e.g. Exodus, Covenant, Creation theology, etc) which are found elsewhere in the biblical canon?

Does the passage echo and clarify earlier passages? Is it echoed or developed in later passages (intertextuality)? Why was this passage included in the book? What

theological truths are communicated? Summarize your conclusions.

8. Theological Implications and Appropriation

In this section you are moving from what the text meant to what it means for us today. You are moving from the biblical context to the contemporary context. Here you

want to look for appropriation by recontextualizing.

The question you must ask yourself is this: having studied this text in detail, what difference could or should it make in the life of a person of faith today? How

should it shape the perspectives and choices of Christians in your particular faith community? What possible ideas might some people take from this text that would be

unhelpful or even destructive?

First, outline the perspectives, principles, values, virtues and theological ideals arising from the biblical passage. What are some general principles or core values

which flow out the biblical text? These ideas must flow from the perspective of the text’s theological purpose in its original, ancient, biblical context. But although

these perspectives, principles, values, virtues or theological ideals must arise out of the text, they must reflect relational and theological issues that transcend

the particulars of the biblical context, and are more generally true in the broader biblical perspective of the character of God, and the divine-human relationship.

Your perspectives/principles/values/virtues/ideals must be rooted in the intentional theological outlook and purpose of the text and should have a relational focus.

They should be rooted in what the text says about who God is, about living the life of faith, or about what God is looking for in his relationship with his people, as

seen in the text. It may also involve the relationship of God’s people with one another, with the nations or with the creation, or God’s relationship to the nations or

to the creation.

Once you have outlined these core values, then recontextualize by considering the question of appropriation in the modern context. What is the contemporary

significance of the passage in your context?

Here it is helpful to situate the contemporary hearers in relationship to the text. Determine the points of contact as well as dissimilarity between the biblical and

modern contexts. How they are different, yet how they are the same? Here you may include a statement of any cautions and warnings your hearers might need to hear about

what NOT to do with this text (perhaps based on abuses of it that have gone on in contemporary or earlier societies).

In the process of recontextualizing and appropriation, it is helpful to define your own context. What is the context in which you and your faith community live? How

would you appropriate the message of the text in your context? Consider both personal appropriation and corporate/communal appropriation. Give specific suggestions as

to how the perspectives, principles, values, virtues or theological ideals that you have identified could be ‘incarnated’ by Christians today, individually or

collectively. What is God saying to you through the passage? What is God asking you to do or be? Ask the Holy Spirit to speak to you through the biblical text.

A final word: be careful of making the application too general or vague. Be specific. Give specific examples of appropriation and a plan for how to implement them.

Remember James 1:22–25.

A Practical Note:
Your paper needs to include a bibliography of the secondary sources used in your study. The bibliography and footnotes/endnotes need to follow the proper bibliographic

format. The paper should be about 12–15 pages in length (approximately 3000–3750 words). Use a minimum of eight academic sources (not counting a Study Bible) as part

of your research; a maximum would be 1+1/2 to 2 pages of bibliographic entries (Turabian style and works that you have used in writing the paper). Do not rely solely

on internet resources. If you use internet sources, only look at academic sources; there are many sources on the internet that are not academic. You should consult

academic sources like commentaries, theological dictionaries, articles, etc.

Must use these sources

Philippians 2:1-11
Commentaries:  Gordon Fee (NICNT; also IVPNTC); Moisés Silva (BECNT); Peter O’Brien (NIGTC); Frank Thielman (NIVAC); Ralph Martin and Gerald F. Hawthorne (WBC revised

ed.); Ben Witherington (S-RC); Stephen Fowl (THNTC); John Reumann (AYBC); Todd Still (SHBC).
Periodical articles:  Joseph H. Hellerman (BBR, 2010; JETS, 2009); J. Christopher Edwards (JTS, 2010); Sean F. Winter (JSNT, 2008 [review article]); Mark Weedman (JTI,

2008); Dennis W. Jowers (JETS, 2006); Gordon D. Fee (BBR, 1992); Denny Burk (TB, 2004); Adela Yarbro Collins (BI, 2003); David J. MacLeod (BibSac, 2001).
Chapter in an Edited Volume:  J. L. Lietaert Peerbolte, “The Name Above All Names (Philippians 2:9)” in Revelation of the Name of YHWH to Moses (Brill, 2006); Bruce N.

Fisk, “The Odyssey of Christ: A Novel Context for Philippian 2:6-11” in Exploring Kenotic Christology (Oxford University Press, 2006).
Monograph:  M. Sydney Park, Submission within the Godhead and the Church in the Epistle of Philippians: An Exegetical and Theological Examination of the Concept of

Submission in Philippians 2 and 3 (T&T Clark, 2007).

Authorship, Date, Occasion and Purpose
Philippians 2:1-11 is a collection of verses that form part of the new testament of the bible. Paul wrote the book while he was a prisoner. This letter to the

Philippians was written in A.D 57-59. This letter was written to the Christian church in Philippi at the time it was enjoying great privileges within the Roman Empire.

The Roman Empire had allowed the church autonomy and this meant that it enjoyed immunity. This immunity meant that the church was freed from paying tribute to the

empire. Philippians 2:1-11 was strategic during this time to the church, because the verses exhorted humility in the midst of the immense privileges. The verse

considers the relationship between love and humility, by suggesting that individuals must be selfless in serving others. In particular, Paul desired the church to

offer service to others in humility. This would signify perfect love to fellow brethren. Paul considered this selfless service in the realm of Christ. He said that

despite Christ having the same nature of God, he was able to take the nature of a servant by taking a human nature in order to serve man . According to the passage,

Christ highlighted his deep love for humanity by becoming obedient to death, in order to salvage man from sin. The very nature of Christ humbling himself to die a

modest death made God to exalt him above all other names. Therefore, Paul assured the church in Philippi that humility brings exaltation.
Unlike other letters that Paul wrote, the epistle to the Philippians was joyful in nature, and he seemed to view the church in high regard. The fact that the church

was enjoying honour in the eyes of the Roman Empire was an indication that it was doing well. Paul was not rebuking this church, as was the case with other churches.

He chose to encourage the church to continue with the same spirit and not compromise on it. There exist several reasons as to why Paul decided to preach a message of

humility, selflessness and love to this church. First, the church was not facing any persecution from the Roman Empire, and it could be attempted to regard itself

highly. Paul in this sense desired to ensure that the church remained true to humility and not to exalt itself . Secondly, Paul had become overwhelmed by the act of

the church to send a gift to him while he was serving imprisonment. Epaphroditus, the messenger however got sick and was forced to cut short his mission.
Paul sent the messenger back to the church and exhorted them to receive him with gladness. Therefore, the message of love that Paul preached in Philippians 2:1-11

symbolised the great love that the church had shown to him by sending a messenger to him. Thirdly, Paul’s teaching about suffering effectively fits into the larger

picture of his context. Epaphroditus suffered sickness while on a mission to visit Paul. While considering the suffering that Christ had to endure because of the love

he had for humankind, he saw the messenger as having lived to the standards of Christ, by falling sick while on a mission to show love to him in prison . The passage

therefore effectively fits into the context of the gospels, such as the book of Mathew, where Christ suffered immensely in his duties to save humankind.
Textual Matters and Translations
A critical analysis of the passage reveals some distortions that scholars have used to question its validity. For instance, many scholars are divided as to whether

Paul received the gift that was sent to him by the messenger. Some texts record that the messenger was overwhelmed by sickness before he reached Paul, while others

emphasise that the messenger became sick after he had reached his destination. This creates the impression that there exist sharp breaks between those who compiled the

text. Moreover, some scholars believe that the letter was not originally written to the church in Philippi . This is because the letter seems to have been written in

three fragments and joined together sometimes later. The original letter in this sense seems to have been written in Ephesus when Paul was serving his jail term.

Moreover, distortions arise from the fact that the church in Philippi was enjoying good tidings with the Roman Empire, yet the empire itself was responsible for

imprisoning Paul.
Paul does not mention an instance in which he criticises the Roman Empire in his letter to the church in Philippi. By making a comparison to other sources, historians

have failed to consistently gain the meaning of the passage. Most of the scenes appearing in the passage lack in the book of Acts, which has a vivid recollection of

the life of Paul. For instance, the contention that the book of Philippians was written at Ephesus is not consistent with the writings in the book of Acts . Moreover,

the long imprisonment of Paul is that is recorded in the letter does not appear in the book of Acts.
Despite the existing reservations, none of these historians disputes the fact that Paul was the author of the passage. Moreover, the fact that the writings are

consistent with the original writings in the authorised version of the bible is an indication that the validity of the text cannot be questioned. Furthermore,

comparison that has been made to the passage with the original Aramaic language reveals that there exists little difference . This indicates that the book of

Philippians is valid. Although the wordings from the original texts such as the authorised King James Version and the Aramaic language may be different, it is clear

that the content of the message is similar.
Genre and Structure
Philippians 2:1-11 is an epistle, written in prose form. The fact that it is a continuous passage means that it can only be divided into the major themes that it

emphasizes. The first part considers the immense power of love, while the second part focuses on Christ- like humility. The final part emphasizes the fruits of

humility, which is exaltation.
The power of love (Philippians 2:1-5) the first part of Philippians 2:1-5 encourages the church to offer selfless love. Paul encouraged the church to consider the

plight of others more than their own selfish ambitions.
Christ like humility (Philippians 2:5-9) in the second part, Paul encourages the brethrens to be humble in offering service to others. He tells them that despite

Christ having God-like attributes, he humbled himself in order to serve humankind. He did not consider himself as being equal to God, but took a human form so that he

could serve the needs of those whom he loved most.
The benefits of humility (Philippians 2:9-11) Christ became humble, and God rewarded him by exalting him above all other names. The fact that he showed humility also

made every tongue to confess him as lord. Paul in this passage desired that the church in Philippi exposes Christ-like humility if it desired to be exalted by God.

Historical Context
The text of Philippians heavily depends on two primary sources, the New Testament canon and the Acts of Apostles. Subsidiary sources include personal association of

Paul with the Philippians and other Pauline epistles. One can also consider its history from religio-philosophical contexts and the economic setting of the time. From

the book of Acts, Paul planted the church of Philippi during his second missionary journey. The church was composed of individuals of diverse social standing but was

united . In fact, the selfless attribute that Paul mentions in the passage was based on the unity of the members of the church in Philippi, who never discriminated

each other based on the socio-economic status. Paul was happy with the church because it was united in spreading the gospel. The letter was written in prison, and

there exist a notion that Paul was stimulated to write it after discovering that the church was about to break due to the penetration of false doctrines. Paul also

wrote the letter in order to thank the church for having stood with him during his imprisonment. He also desired to address the concerns that they were facing.
Exegetical Analysis of the Text
In the first and the second verse of the passage, Paul encourages the Philippians to make him feel joyous by having genuine compassionate love to each other. He seems

to value the unity of this church. A clear analysis of this passage highlights some key features in his life. First, Paul was in prison and going through suffering.

Therefore, he became joyous to realise that the church was doing well despite his absence. Paul must have had some fears within himself that the church could easily

disintegrate. By encouraging them to move with one accord, he believed that he could easily defeat the purpose of those who had put him in prison. The church in

Philippi must have given him courage to withstand the tribulations being the bars.
Verse 3 and 4 considered humility and selflessness as virtues that the church had to embrace. To consider the plight of others and not be driven by selfish ambitions

would enable the church to grow rapidly. The church in Philippi was unique because it embraced individuals who were coming from different socio-economic levels. The

fact that the church was unified despite this difference indicated that the spirit of tolerance was highly esteemed. The rich for instance were expected to become

selfless and help the poor so that the unity of the church could be safeguarded . Verses 5 to 8 paints a picture of a Christ- like image, which the church was obliged

to embrace. Christ suffered immensely in order to redeem man from sin, and Paul envisioned that the church in Philippi had to endure sufferings in order to accomplish

this mission. At the time of writing this letter, the church was experiencing some good times, and Paul wanted to warn the Philippians against comprising their faith

during this time. By suffering imprisonment, Paul had refused to compromise to the standards of this world. Having been the one who planted the church, he knew that

brethrens would easily compromise to the whims of the Roman Empire.
At the time of writing the letter, the church was paying no tribute to Caesar. Moreover, it was recognised as one of the independent churches in Rome. Like Christ

therefore, the church was expected to refuse to conform to the standard of this world and achieve heavenly goals. The fact that Christ ‘became obedient to the point of

death’ shows that the church in Philippi should be ready to face persecution and even be ready to die in the midst of such persecutions. These writings must have been

stimulated by the life that Christ was living at the time. The fact that he was being imprisoned consistently made him to know that he may have to die because of

standing for the gospel. In this regard, Paul envisaged a situation in which the church in Philippi would also be under the same persecution. In the midst of this,

Paul wanted to encourage the church to stand steadfast in faith by acknowledging that even Christ died for them. By partaking of the sufferings of Christ, the church

would not complain.
Verses 9 to 11 emphasize the reward that exists when individuals make the choice to be humble. Paul desired that the Christians at Philippi come to understand that

humility has an eternal reward. Christ suffered on earth and did not expect any worldly system to reward him. Instead, Christ was able to reward him with heavenly

bliss. This is an indication that Christians at Philippi should offer their service in humility and expect Christ to reward them. The reward of those who continue to

search for the face of God through the pursuit of goodness can only be attained in heaven and not through men. Paul wanted the church to gain hope in the tribulations

that they experienced. These verses were strategic because Paul realised that some individuals wanted to destroy the church at Philippi with false doctrines that were

not tied to the message of Christ. Paul wanted to make the church to be aware of these doctrines, which did not have any strong basis . Most importantly was that Paul

wanted the church to know that Christ is the author and finisher of the race and that everyone will have to bow down to him. The doctrines that were infiltrating the

church at Philippi were therefore subordinate to the power of Christ.
Paul effectively used figures of speech to accomplish his purpose. In verse 2, he says, ‘being born in the likeness of men’ to mean that Christ desired to be like

humans, so that he can understand the sufferings that they go through . By taking a human figure, Christ accomplished a feat of humility, which Paul expects the church

to embrace so that it can be assured of heavenly reward. From verse 9 up to 11, Paul has effectively used repetition in order to emphasize his message. For instance,

he says… ‘every name.., every knee.., every tongue…Paul desired to emphasize the authority of Christ above all the other doctrines that were infiltrating into the

church at Philippi. He meant that despite the activities of these false prophets, all of them would ultimately recognise the authority of Christ in heaven.
Main Themes and Theological Message
Suffering and joy is one of the main themes of the passage. Christians during the time of Paul were expected to be selfless and allow themselves to suffer because of

others. Paul wrote the letter while in prison, and this indicates that he was under great suffering. Despite this, he wrote a joyful letter in order to encourage his

brethrens. Hope also comes out as a major theme, where Christians at Philippi were to base their hope on Christ and not on men . Christ suffered immensely, but he

understood that his reward was in heaven. Christians at Philippi were therefore to follow suit and derive great comfort in the hope that shall be unveiled in heaven.

From a theological basis, the second coming of Christ emerges as a common theme that offers the Christians at Philippi hope . This is the reason as to why Paul

encourages the church not to lose focus on the ultimate reward.
The church at Philippi was performing well, and Christians would easily compromise on their faith and therefore lose the ultimate reward. Therefore, Paul focused

greatly on the suffering of Christ and his ultimate ascension to heaven, where he would be made the king of kings. According to this passage, the second coming of

Christ would signify the final step of the faith of Christians . This passage plays a significant role in the letter of Philippians because it effectively brings out

the relationship between love, suffering and humility. No other passage in the letter considers this relationship. Ultimately, Paul was able to realise his purpose

because the church was able to grow earnestly through the difficult times when he was in prison. He encouraged his brethrens from the prison walls, and this helped

them to grow in faith.
Theological Implications and Appropriation
This passage can effectively be used in the current setting. The relationship existing among love humility and suffering is a significant one, where contemporary

Christians can base their hope in the performance of charitable works. Helping the poor in the society through selfless acts can ensure that they derive inner joy.

Moreover, an individual who use his resources and time to ensure the poor live an excellent life has an assurance of heavenly reward. This is because the world cannot

pay them for the good deeds. According to the passage, Christ humbled himself to die among humans in order to ensure that they are accepted by the Father. This should

be a guiding principle for Christians, who should be ready to care for the plight of the destitute without regarding what they would gain from doing so .
Like the church in Philippi, unity among Christians can ensure the strength of the body of Christ. Moreover, the church of Philippi was faced with a situation in

which inappropriate doctrines were penetrating within its midst, and Paul wrote this letter to encourage them to stand in unity. Contemporary leaders of the church can

act like Paul, and be guided by wisdom to perceive the threats to the church and warn Christians. In Paul’s time for instance, cults and occults threatened to tear the

church, and Paul was able to successfully ensure that the church overcame this threat. Contemporary churches face immense threats, and such doctrines have penetrated

into the church. There lacks strong leadership from church ministers. Some spiritual ministers are even practising occult. The fact that leadership has been lacking

has caused the disintegration of the church because the enemy is destroying Christian unity. Additionally, the love of money has affected the unity of the church.
The church at Philippi was united in one accord, despite encompassing individuals from different socio-economic background. It was quite difficult to differentiate

the poor from the rich. Contemporary churches require enhancing their unity in order to remove socio-economic barriers. The fact that churches in the global

environment preach a gospel of wealth also signifies that it has moved away from the core principles that Paul emphasised to the church in Philippi . Paul admonished

his church to be compassionate and be selfless in offering services to fellow men. This is expected to be the case. However, preachers desist from offering such

services, and instead ask their followers to provide money for them. Christ did not expect any reward from men whom he served. Religious leaders of contemporary time

are lacking in this aspect because they expect earthly reward from their followers.
In Philippians 2:1-11, God is represented as one who rewards humility and genuine service to fellow humanity. As exhibited in the life of Christ and Paul, both of

them suffered shame in the midst of men, while basing their hope on eternity. Christ for instance took a human form in order to reach out to those who needed him most.

Afterwards, he was exalted in heaven. Paul was persecuted and taken to prison for preaching the gospel. He derived great joy in suffering for Christ. Considered from

this perspective, God expects people to be patient even as they suffer various tribulations. It is apparent that God is never swift in helping the faithful to overcome

challenges of the world . Christ had to endure suffering on the cross until the time he was glorified. Paul also endured long imprisonment. This signifies that

Christians should never expect God to reward them with worldly happiness but should always base their hope on the ultimate reward that will be given in heaven.
The community of Christians can be able to live in harmony if they can consider the authority of Christ. This is the best way to overcome the differences that emerge

among brethrens. From this passage, it is apparent that the Holy Spirit admonishes contemporary Christians to be committed to their fellow brethrens through offering

selfless service. The Christians should not expect any reward from humans. Moreover, Christians should not consider suffering as a temptation from the enemy .

Suffering in this passage is part of the Christian faith which has great reward in heaven. Christ suffered on the cross and Paul was imprisoned yet both of them were

righteous men. The fact that suffering, love and humility are correlated signifies that it is important for Christians to embrace these virtues in order to benefit

other Christians.

Bibliography
Bauscher, David. The Original Aramaic New Testament in Plain English. New York: David Bauscher, 2008.
Evans, Stephen. Exploring Kenotic Christology: The Self-Emptying of God. New York: Regent College Publishing, 2009.
Fee, Gordon D. Paul’s Letter to the Philippians. New York: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1995.
Fisk, Bruce N. The Odyssey of Christ: A Novel Context for Philippians 2:6-11,. New York: Cenggage, 2014.
Fowl, Stephen E. Philippians. New York: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005.
Hellerman, Joseph H. When the Church Was a Family: Recapturing Jesus’ Vision for Authentic Christian Community. New York: B&H Academic, 2009.
Kirby, Peter. Philippians. 2014. http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/philippians.html (accessed December 16, 2014).
Kooten, George H. van. The Revelation of the Name YHWH to Moses: Perspectives from Judaism, the Pagan Graeco-Roman World, and Early Christianity (Themes in Biblical

Narrative). New York: Brill Academic Pub, 2006.
Lifefeway. “Textual Analysis.” lifeway. May 2014. http://blog.lifeway.com/edstetzer/files/2014/05/Textual-Analysis-Philippians-2.1-11.pdf (accessed December 16, 2014).
Park, Sydney. Submission within the Godhead and the Church in the Epistle to the Philippians. New York: BloomBury Publishing, 2007.
Reumann, John. Philippians (The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries). 2008: Yale University Press, 2008.
Still, Todd D. Philippians & Philemon: Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary. New York: Smyth & Helwys Publishing, 2011.

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