Posted: March 3rd, 2014
 Intermolecular Forces in Liquids and Gases.
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Molecules attract each other, an the force of attraction increases rapidly as the intermolecular distance decreases. In a liquid, the molecules are very close to one another and are constantly moving and colliding. When a liquid evaporates, molecules in the liquid must overcome these intermolecular attractive forces and break free into the gas phase, where on average molecules are very far apart. For example, when water evaporates, rapidly moving H2O molecules at the surface of the liquid pull away from neighboring H2O molecules and enter the gas phase, as shown in figure 1.
Figure 1. H2O molecules in the solid, liquid, and gas phases.
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Model 2: Intermolecular Forces and Boiling Points.
To a large extent, the boiling point of a liquid is determined by the strength of the intermolecular interactions in the liquid. These interactions are largely determined by the structure of the individual molecules.
Table 1. Boiling points of selected compounds. | ||||||||
Alkane | mw | bp | Ketone | mw | bp | Alcohol | mw | bp |
propane |
44.1 |
-42.1 |
acetone |
58.1 |
56.2 |
1-propanol |
60.1 |
97.4 |
CH3CH2CH3 | CH3COCH3 | CH3CH2CH2OH | ||||||
butane |
58.1 |
-0.5 |
2-butanone |
72.1 |
79.6 |
1-butanol |
74.1 |
117 |
CH3(CH2)2CH3 | CH3COCH2CH3 | CH3(CH2)2CH2OH | ||||||
pentane |
72.2 |
36.1 |
2-pentanone |
86.1 |
102 |
1-pentanol |
88.2 |
137 |
CH3(CH2)3CH3 | CH3CO(CH2)2CH3 | CH3(CH2)3CH2OH | ||||||
hexane |
86.2 |
69 |
2-hexanone |
100 |
128 |
1-hexanol |
100 |
128 |
CH3(CH2)4CH3 | CH3CO(CH2)3CH3 | CH3(CH2)4CH2OH | ||||||
decane |
142 |
174 |
2-decanone |
156 |
210 |
1-decanol |
128 |
229 |
CH3(CH2)8CH3 | CH3CO(CH2)7CH3 | CH3(CH2)8CH2OH |
mw = molecular weight
Alkanes are hydrocarbons containing only C and H and have all single bonds.
Ketone contain a C=O group.
Alcohols contain an O-H group.
Critical Thinking Questions
Using grammatically correct English sentences, describe an general pattern that you can identify abou the relative boiling points of alkanes, ketones, and alcohols of roughly equal mw.
Model 3: Intermolecular Forces are Weaker than Covalent Bonds.
The intermolecular forces that attract molecules to each other are much weaker than the bonds that hold molecules together. For example, 463 kJ/mole are required to break one mole of O-H bonds in H2O molecules, but only44 kJ/mole are needed to separate one mole of water molecules in liquid water.
Critical Thinking Questions
Exercises
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